Use the following information to answer questions 36-37 : Researchers from Tulane University conducted a case-control study to examine the association between High cholesterol and diabetes among 100,000 adults (50,000 diabetes cases and 50,000 controls) residing in Louisiana. Data on smoking, race, gender, and other covariates was collected at baseline through face-to-face interviews, with no subsequent reassessment. On the basis of the medical record review, participants diagnosed as having diabetes were considered cases and those without were considered to be controls. The following data were obtained. High cholesterol Diabetes Cases Controls Total Yes 32,000 22,000 54,000 No 18,000 28,000 46,000 Total 50,000 50,000 100,000 36. Calculate the appropriate measure of association 37. Provide an appropriate interpretation of the measure you calculated with respect to Diabetes and Hypertension. Use the following to answer questions 38-41: The investigators were concerned that gender might be influencing the observed association, so the data were stratified as follows: High cholesterol Males Females Total Case Control Case Control Yes 18,400 11,600 13,600 10,400 54,000 No 11,600 12,400 6,400 15,600 46,000 Total 30,000 24,000 20,000 26,000 100,000 38. Calculate the appropriate measure of association for males 39. Calculate the appropriate measure of association for females 40. Is gender associated with high cholesterol? Explain your answer. 41. Is gender a confounder, effect modifier, or neither of the high cholesterol and diabetes association in this study? Explain your answer. Use the following information to answer questions 42-44: The population of Schoharie has 100,000 residents, 15% of whom are smokers. The annual incidence of asthma is 15% in smokers and 10% in non-smokers. Show all work for each part of this question. 42. How much asthma risk is attributed to smoking among smokers? 43. How much risk is attributed to smoking in the total population? 44. How many cases of asthma can be attributed to smoking? Use the following information to answer questions 45-48: The table below depicts the association between orange juice consumption with 4-year incidence of cardio vascular disease (CVD) in a cohort study of 2,000 people. Orange Juice CVD No CVD TOTAL ≥ 4 glasses per day 450 780 1,230 < 4 glasses per day 450 320 770 TOTAL 900 1,000 2,000 Calculate and interpret the cumulative incidence (risk) of CVD among those who consume ≥ 4 glasses of orange juice per day. Please round your final answers to the hundredths place. Calculate and interpret the cumulative incidence (risk) of CVD among those who consume < 4 glasses of orange juice per day. Please round your final answers to the hundredths place. Calculate the relative risk (RR) of acquiring CVD, using those who consume < 4 glasses of orange juice per day as the referent group. Please round your final answers for each to the hundredths place. Provide an interpretation to your answer in part c. Use the following information to answer question 49-52: You are recruiting patients from a hospital for a case-control study. There are 2000 patients (1020 male and 980 female). 30% of the females and 15% of the males do not drink alcohol. You decide to randomly choose patients to discuss the study goals. Answer the following: 49. What is the probability of selecting a female non-drinker drink alcohol from the entire patient load? 50. What are the odds of selecting a female non-drinker from the entire patient load? 51. What are the odds of selecting a male non-drinker from the entire patient load? 52. What is the probability of selecting a male non-drinker from the entire patient load? Use the following information to answer question 53: In a familial study of schizophrenia, the following concordance rates were observed within various pairs of relatives: Pair Concordance Rate (%) Husband–wife 4