​​​ Answer Pharmacology Questions All question in Fundamentals of Pharmacology - Bullock and Manias 7th ed Refer to Galbraith or Bullock et al, (either 6th or 7th edition) AND any other pharmacology text/source available to you, and answer the following questions individually (this is not an essay). • If you think it appropriate, include a diagram/table or chart. • In-text and end-text references must be included (the references are not included in the word count) • Type your answers under the questions provided. • DO NOT include a contents or index page. • Complete all questions in PART A, B & C.1. Define the terms 'pharmacokinetics' and 'pharmacodynamics'. (6 marks) 2. What is meant by 'plasma protein binding'? In your answer, explain the effects that plasma protein binding has on the metabolism and elimination of protein bound drugs. (2 marks) 3. Why should aspirin not normally be administered to a patient who is taking a course of the anticoagulant drug, warfarin? (3 marks) 4. Explain the 'hepatic first pass effect'. Why is it important to consider this effect when administering drugs orally? (3 marks) 5. Morphine, a narcotic analgesic, has a half-life of about 2 –3 hours. The half-life of naloxone (Narcan), the "antidote" for narcotic overdose, is approximately 1 hour. What does the term 'half-life' mean, and what implications does this information have for the prescribers of these drugs? (4 marks) 6. What is meant by 'steady state' concentrations of a drug? Explain how and when a steady state is achieved. (3 marks) 7. Describe the characteristics and properties of enzymes. What is the difference between competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibition? Give one example for each. (5 marks) 8. What happens when a drug acts as an 'antagonist'? Explain how atropine, an anticholinergic, acts as an antagonist at cholinergic receptors. What are the effects of atropine on the human body? (3 marks) 9. Describe the drug interactions which may occur when the following drugs and/or other substances are administered concurrently: a. phenelzine and broad beans or cheddar cheese b. tetracyclines and antacids c. alcohol and diazepam (1 mark each) PART B (Total 16 marks) Chapter 28 - page 311 - Fundamentals of Pharmacology (7th Edition) Mr FT is a 22-year-old man who has been admitted to your hospital emergency department. He has been working as a labourer at a nearby market garden that specialises in growing flowers. He was spraying the crops with the organophosphate insecticide Malathion when he collapsed. He was not wearing the appropriate protective clothing. You observe that he is conscious and complains of gastrointestinal cramps and nausea. He vomited a couple of times in the ambulance as he was transported to hospital. You note the manifestations: profuse sweating, drooling, lacrimation, bradycardia, agitation, muscle twitching and constricted pupils. Supportive treatment is implemented, which involves respiratory support and the administration of antidotes. His progress is carefully monitored during this critical period. His recovery is without complications. He is discharged from hospital several days later. 1. Underlying this client's condition is a change in the level of activity of a division of the autonomic nervous system. Which division is affected and what is the nature of the change? Provide examples of the physiological responses (4 marks) 2. Which type or types of tissue receptor are involved in this condition? (2 marks) 3. Explain the mechanism by which the organophosphate insecticides induce this state? (4 marks) 4. Which clinical drug group do the organophosphate insecticides closely resemble in terms of their action? Why? (3 marks) 5. Which drug group can be used as an antidote to oppose the effects of the insecticide? Why? (3 marks)