Case study: FineFoods4U database Use the case study description and list of requirements below to create an entity-relationship diagram showing the data requirements of the FineFoods4U database. Your ERD should be able to be implemented in a relational DBMS. Bill is a university student who has been picking up meals from certain restaurants for his family on the way home from uni for the last two years, and has now hit upon the idea of making it into of business, which he is calling FineFoods4U. He intends to make available the menus of all the local restaurants for delivery to the homes in his neighbourhood, and has recruited several members of his family and some of his closer friends to make the deliveries. If the trial run is successful, he plans to make it into an Uber-style business (similar to UberEATS and Deliveroo). Bill has phoned around the higher rated ethnic restaurants in his suburb, and has made a list of 20 who are willing to co-operate with him. Each restaurant has selected a subset of the items on their menus that they think will last the journey from their kitchen to the customer. They have decided that no high-cuisine meal can last more than 10 minutes in a heated container, so that has limited Bill's area of service – customers can only be from the same suburb as the restaurants. Customers will order their food via a webpage, after registering on the site. They can register from any location, but won't be able to use the site unless the delivery address is in the same suburb as the restaurants. They can select a restaurant and choose a number of dishes from it, referring to the information available on the web page. They can also select dishes directly, by searching on particular requirements such as 'vegetarian' or 'pizza'. However, they can only order from one restaurant per delivery. Once they have selected their dishes, the customer enters the delivery date, time and address required, and pays the cost of the meal plus delivery via PayPal. The information about the order is sent to the restaurant and also to Bill, who assigns a driver who is currently free to pick up and deliver the order. The driver collects the meal from the restaurant and delivers to the customer. The driver records the actual date and time delivered, as Bill needs to keep track of whether he can live up to his promise to deliver on time.Bill has heard that you are studying Databases and has asked you to design a database to keep track of the information requirements of his business. He wants the database to record information about customers, restaurants, dishes, drivers, and of course order s and deliveries. At this stage he does not want you to model any of the financial side of the business. He wants to record various items of information about each restaurant, including its ethnicity (Malay, Indian, Chinese, French, Italian, Australian…) and predominant style (BBQ, formal, pub grub, noodle house, open spit, dim sum, fast food …). A brief description of each restaurant ('About Us') is to be included, as well as a general description of their food. He also wants to record any special certifications the restaurant as a whole has (e.g. vegan, locavore, organic, nut free, Jain, Halal, Kosher). The dishes at each restaurant also need to have enough information stored about them so that the customers know what they are selecting. As well as name and brief description, customers are likely to want to know how in general terms how the dish was prepared (fried, steamed, raw etc), its main ingredient (fish, cheese…), what type of course it is (soup, starter, main, dessert, side dish) and of course its price. As customers are increasingly aware of health issues, Bill also wants to record the number of kilojoules in each dish, and also whether it is gluten free, dairy free, and/or vegetarian, and possibly other nutritional aspects of the dish in the future. Customers also need some indication of how long the dish will take to arrive: Bill guarantees 10 minutes delivery from when the dish is picked up, but obviously some dishes take longer than others to prepare. He has a rough categorisation of 'fast' (under 15 minutes, including delivery), 'regular' (15 minutes to half an hour), and 'worth the wait' (over half an hour) total time to door for each dish. Although all the actual ordering will be done through the website, Bill wants to print a booklet for each restaurant, so they can have it available to their in-house customers for advertising. Below are several queries and reports that Bill has requested the database must be able to support. There may well be many others as Bill analyses his business and plans for the future; therefore, you should design for flexibility.The database will have to support at least the following querying and reporting requirements: 1. All the details of an order for a particular customer. The driver needs this to pick up the dishes from the restaurant, and to confirm with the customer on delivery. 2. All the vegetarian dishes that can be delivered to the customer in less than half an hour. 3. The details of the orders for a particular restaurant on a particular date. 4. A list of all the vegan restaurants and the names, description and prices of the dishes they offer. 5. List of all drivers, and the customers (if any) they delivered to on a particular date. 6. List of drivers who are currently free (i.e. not out on a delivery). 7. The total number of orders for each restaurant so far. 8. The booklet which lists the dishes available from a particular restaurant, with their names, descriptions, course type, prices and delivery time. What you have to do:  Use the case study description and querying requirements to create an entityrelationship diagram (ERD) for the FineFoods4U database. Your ERD should be able to be implemented in a relational DBMS.  List and explain any assumptions you have made in creating the data model.  You should use the crow's feet ERD notation we have been using in the lectures, and should include a legend to explain the notation. You should include attributes in the ERD, and indicate primary and foreign keys. The use of a drawing tool such as Visio will make this task easier.  Whichever tool you use, you must copy and paste the ERD into a word-processed document. This is because your tutor might not have access to the tools you have used. Please note that hand-drawn ERDs are not acceptable. Some important things to note:  You should make any assumptions that are required, but must state them clearly. Obviously, your assumptions should not contradict any of the information already provided.  Part of understanding a system at sufficient enough detail to model well involves asking questions. If you are not sure about some detail of the case study, you should ask on the Discussion Forum in LMS. You can subscribe to the discussion forums so that you don't miss any messages. Answer (Partial): FineFoods4U ERD This is the basic structure of the ERD. I've only shown primary keys and foreign keys for simplicity here (and so as not to give you a complete solution), but I'll discuss some of the attributes later. This is the simplest interpretation of the case: • Restaurants have potentially many Dishes on offer. They must offer at least one dish, otherwise they won't be in the system. Each Dish would be from a single restaurant, as even though different places might offer similar dishes (fish and chips) they are unlikely to be identical. • A Dish can appear in many Orders, and each Order would include at least one and possibly many dishes. We represent this many-to-many relationship with another entity, DishOrdered. • A Customer may make many Orders over time. They can register without making an order. An order is for only a single Customer. • A Driver might deliver many Orders over time, but each Order is delivered by a single Driver. There may be drivers in the system who haven't made any deliveries yet.I've used IDs for primary keys throughout. There aren't any single attributes that are likely to be unique: two restaurants may have the same name, and two dishes may have the same name. There may be chains of restaurants so that even the combination of RestaurantName+DishName isn't unique. Variations: • Recording multiple addresses for a Customer. The customer would have several addresses registered, and would choose one of them for an order. • Assuming that a driver would take orders for different customers on a single delivery run. Ask if any additional information would need to be stored if this was the case. • Separate Order and Delivery entities. Several of you did this, with Order and Delivery related in a 1:1 mandatory relationship. Although this would work, there is nothing to be gained by separating the entities as both would always be completed for a completed order delivery. Dish PK DishID DishName FK1 RestaurantID Restaurant PK RestaurantID RestaurantName Driver PK DriverID Customer PK CustomerID Order PK OrderID FK1 DriverID FK2 CustomerID OrderedDish PK,FK1 DishID PK,FK2 OrderIDEntities that SHOULDN'T be included: • Booklet – the booklet referred to is similar to a report, which can be assembled dynamically from the information in the other entities when needed. • Website – this is an implementation decision. At this stage, we are modelling the data requirements of the system. • Anything to do with payment – we are told it is out of scope. Multivalued attributes Ask whether each attribute you put in an entity will be single valued or could have several values. For example, if you had an attribute 'Certifications' in Restaurant then it's likely that it could take more than one value – e.g. it could be certified both Vegan AND Organic. You can't have a multivalued attribute in a relation, so you need to do something else with it. • Assume it can only take one value? No, really not a solution. • Assume it can only take a maximum of 2/3/4 values, and have attributes Cert1, Cert2, Cert3, … Not a solution. Why 2/3/4? Not extendible to more values without changing the structure of the table. • Have a long text string for the field and try to search within it? … Gets very messy. Not a solution. • Have a weak entity Restaurant_Certification in a 1:N relationship with Restaurant? Restaurant_Certification would have attributes RestaurantID, CertificationType, DateCertified [etc]). This could work, as it would allow you to add as many certifications as you like for each restaurant. The main issue with this solution is that it doesn't enforce any consistency in the CertificationType attribute – there is nothing to stop typos such as Orgnanic, resulting in incorrect information returned from queries. • Have an entity Certification in a M:N relationship with Restaurant, with an intersection entity Restaurant_Certification? Certification would have attributes CertificationID(PK), CertificationType. Restaurant_Certification would have PK RestaurantID+CertificationID, and other attributes could be included in this entity. Thisis the best solution, as it enforces consistency of CertificationType through the foreign key. This comes at the expense of increased complexity and more joins, so Bill will have to weigh up better data against possibly reduced performance. Constraints on attributes If you've got an attribute that takes a single value (such as Suburb in Restaurant) but which has a fixed set of allowable values, you need to be able to enforce that constraint. This isn't strictly part of a conceptual ERD, but it is worth thinking ahead to the options for the logical design and implementation. • Use a CHECK constraint. This is best for a small, limited set of values that isn't going to change, or you will need to alter the constraint every time a new value comes along. • Use a 'lookup table'. This is a table containing only the attribute for the values plus a PK attribute, e.g. (SuburbID, Suburb). The attribute Suburb in Restaurant is then replaced with SuburbID as FK. The two tables are joined to find the restaurant suburb name. Again, this enforces consistency at the expense of increased complexity, but is a good solution where there may be a large or increasing set of values. It's also a good solution if the same constraint applies to more than one table in the database. • The lookup table solution can be simplified to include only the attribute (in this example, Suburb), in the lookup table. Suburb is PK of the lookup table, and the attribute Suburb in Restaurant is defined as FK referencing it. Consistency is still enforced through referential integrity, but no joins are required.Part 1: Revised ERD and schema (10 marks) Bill is pleased with your work so far and asked you to go on to implement your design. He has made a few clarifications and additions to the specifications that you should note:  Bill's trial of the system has been very successful and he now wants to broaden his service into other suburbs as well. He has also recruited more drivers, with the expectation that there will be drivers available in each suburb. However, customers will still only be able to have orders delivered from restaurants in the same suburb.  Bill needs to know whether his meals are being delivered on time, so the database will need to be able to provide information on requested and actual delivery times/dates. a) Create and submit the ERD for this database that you are going to use as the basis of your implementation. b) Include a one or two paragraph explanation as to the changes you have made to the ERD on the basis of your feedback from Assignment 1 and/or as a result of having to support the transactions and views described in this assignment. c) Show the relational schema in 3NF that will be the basis of your implemented design. Show your relations using the following convention: RELATION_NAME (PrimaryKey, Attribute, Attribute … ForeignKey) Part 2: Data dictionary (20 marks) Create a data dictionary for your database. This should include: a) For each table: a definition of each column (attribute), consisting of the column name, brief description of what it represents, its data type and size, domain (allowable values), any default value, whether it is required, and any constraints (primary key, foreign key). You can follow the examples in the textbook for the View Ridge Gallery tables, e.g. p299 tables labelled 'Column characteristics'b) For each of the columns that is a foreign key, give the appropriate referential integrity rules (i.e. the "on delete…. ; on update" etc actions that should apply when the corresponding primary key is altered). The appropriate action should be included whether or not there is a statement in Oracle to implement it. c) Any business rules (enterprise constraints) that should apply to the database as a whole. Note that your data dictionary must be consistent with your ERD and schema. Part 3: Implementation (30 marks) Implement the database in Oracle SQLPlus on arion.murdoch.edu.au. Note the following: a) All tables should be created as per your ERD and data dictionary; the marker will check your ERD against your tables. You do NOT need to include the SQL CREATE TABLE statements that you used to create the tables. b) All entity and referential integrity constraints should be created and appropriately named. c) All columns (attributes) should be of an appropriate data type/size and be set as required or not as appropriate. d) All domain constraints should be implemented. e) All tables should be populated with sample data that will allow the marker to test that your database fulfils the application requirements as specified and support the transactions and views listed below. Also provide the sample data in your Word document. f) SELECT, UPDATE and DELETE permissions should be GRANTED on all database objects (particularly tables and views) to the user MARKERTL. This is most important. If you do not grant this permission, the marker will not be able to mark this part of your assignment.Part 4: Views (40 marks) Create VIEWS for the following in Oracle (views should be named as ViewA, ViewB etc). You should also provide the CREATE VIEW statements you used to create the views in your Word document. ViewA All the details of an order for a particular customer. The driver needs this to pick up the dishes from the restaurant, and to confirm with the customer on delivery. ViewB All the vegetarian dishes that can be delivered to customers in a particular suburb in less than half an hour. ViewC The details of the orders for a particular restaurant on a particular date. ViewD A list of all the vegan restaurants and the names, description and prices of the dishes they offer. ViewE List of all drivers, and the customers (if any) they delivered to on a particular date. ViewF List of drivers who are currently available (i.e. not out on a delivery) in a particular suburb. ViewG The total number of orders for each restaurant so far (i.e. since FineFoods4U commenced). ViewH The 'booklet' which lists all the dishes available from a particular restaurant, with their names, descriptions, course type, prices and delivery time. (Note you do not have to create the booklet itself, just provide the information for it.) ViewI The number of orders from each suburb in the previous month, in descending order. ViewJ The number of orders in each suburb that were delivered later than requested in a particular month, and the average time by which they were late. Note that where the requirement is for "a particular" suburb/month/restaurant/etc, assume for this assignment the view definition includes a specific value such as 'Murdoch' or 'September' (although, obviously, it should work for all relevant values).Please note the following about the marking of this assignment:  The marker will view your documentation and then match your documentation to your implementation. This means for example, that tables, columns and constraints should be named in your database as they are in your documentation. Relationships defined in your ERD should be defined in your database using foreign keys.  The marker will view the sample data in your tables.  The marker will execute each of the views created for Part 4 above.  AGAIN, please ensure that you GRANT the appropriate privileges on all relevant objects (tables and views) to the user MARKERTL. If you do not do this, the marker will not be able to mark part of your assignment (and you may be awarded 0 for this section).