Answer the following All 16 questions. 1. For their continuing survival, organisations are increasingly dependent on their people's ability and willingness to accept change and to make change happen. With this in mind, discuss the Cycle of Change and how people react to it. Support your answer with examples from your own experience and observation. 2. What is COBIT? What might be the consequences of a CIO not using COBIT? (Hint: begin by describing some of the most important roles of a CIO). 3. Using examples from your own experiences and observations at work or elsewhere, describe the difference between management and leadership. (HINT: begin by discussing the main categorisations of leadership). 4. From your own experiences, whether at work, in your personal life, at school or university, describe a situation where you have observed a resistance to change. Was the resistance overcome? If so how, if not why not? 5. Do you think that government information should become more widely available? Suggest and explain two or more reasons why government information should be made more available, and two or more reasons why it should not. 6. Does competitive advantage come from the re-use of knowledge, or from the creation of knowledge? Support your answer with examples from your reading, research, experience and/or observation. 7. According to Open Group (http://www.opengroup.org/), "Today's CEOs know that the effective management and exploitation of information through IT is the key to business success, and the indispensable means to achieving competitive advantage. An IT architecture addresses this need, by providing a strategic context for the evolution of the IT system in response to the constantly changing needs of the business environment." Explain how an IT architecture provides a strategic context for the evolution of the IT system in response to the constantly changing needs of the business environment. 8. Why is it important to align IT and business? (HINT: begin by explaining the function of IT in a business). 9. The advent of the internet and the digital age has created many benefits for governments, businesses and individuals. However, if someone is not computer literate and does not have computer access, they are potentially disadvantaged and may be socially excluded. Using examples, discuss how this disadvantage might be overcome. 10. It is often assumed, perhaps tacitly, that the use of a formal system development methodology is critical for system development productivity and quality. Do you agree with this assumption? (HINT: begin by discussing two or more different system development methodologies). 11. Is ICT a profession? (HINT: begin by identifying the differences between being a professional and a being a member of a profession). 12. Discuss the statement "There is no singular 'best practice' approach to knowledge management and each organisation must decide its strategy in the context of its business environment". (HINT: begin by describing two or more business environments and how knowledge management strategies might be different in each). 13. What is ERP? Using one or more examples, describe what are ERP systems and what they can offer an organisation in terms of business agility. 14. Describe three emerging areas of ICT development that may have strategic disruptive impact on businesses. Highlight the features, opportunities and challenges that they may bring. 15. Describe one or more examples of ICT-led and enabled innovation. (HINT: discuss the interplay between leadership and governance which may have brought about the innovation). 16. In your study this semester you have looked at various techniques to manage costs and benefits, such as: (1) Active Benefits Realisation (ABR), (2) The Process approach to Benefits Management, (3) Balanced Scorecard, (4) Val-IT (ISACA) and (5) Benefit Realisation Approach. Compare any two of these and discuss their relative merits and applications.