Adults differ in how concerned they are about climate change. A researcher was interested in examining how three variables – Gender, Trust of science, and Negative affect – were associated with climate change concerns. The following is a brief description of the independent and dependent variables:  Climate change concerns (Concern) were assessed via a 10-item questionnaire (e.g., 'global warming is a serious threat to Australia'). Scores on the questionnaire ranged from 10 to 50, whereby higher values indicated higher levels of concern;  Gender (0 = male, 1 = female);  Trust of science (Trust) was assessed by a single item ("how much trust do you have in science?"). Scores ranged from 1 – 11, with higher values indicating higher trust;  Negative affect was assessed by a 10-point scale. Scores ranged from 10 – 50, with higher scores indicating higher negative affect. Data were collected from 20 participants and are shown in the Table below. Negative affect Trust Gender Concern 40 9 0 40 30 5 1 31 42 10 0 42 45 11 0 34 33 2 1 27 45 4 0 32 42 7 1 36 28 11 1 28 40 9 1 42 27 6 0 15 35 10 0 27 31 8 0 39 38 8 1 41 40 11 0 47 35 9 1 42 40 11 1 42 20 6 1 19 30 5 0 24 23 8 1 32 29 7 1 29 (a) Produce and briefly describe scatterplots of the Concern scores against each of the three other variables (2 marks). (b) Conduct a multiple regression analysis in SPSS to investigate whether Gender, Trust, and Negative Affect are associated with Concern. In your response, provide the following: i. Appropriate SPSS output (2 marks); ii. An interpretation of the results, including model significance, the estimated regression equation and the statistical significance of the regression coefficients (4 marks); iii. Comment on any outliers, model fit, and whether there is multicollinearity between the explanatory variables (1 mark); iv. An APA style conclusion of the results (3 marks) (c) Calculate the expected value of concern for a female, with scores of 30 on Negative Affect, and 5 on Trust (1 mark). (d) Rerun the regression analysis using the backward method of variable selection. How do your results compare with those obtained in part (b)? (2 marks). Question 2 (15 marks) A study examined the effect of workplace bullying on psychological distress. Information on these two specific variables is provided below.  PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS. Assessed using the Kessler 6 scale, which is comprised of 6 items. Scores range from 6 to 30, whereby higher scores indicate higher distress.  WORKPLACE BULLYING. Coded as a binary variable. 1 = experienced workplace bullying; 0 = did not experience workplace bullying. The researchers noted that age is a potential confounder of these associations. Perform an ANCOVA to examine the association between psychological distress and workplace bullying, including an examination of the role of age. The SPSS data file is provided on moodle ("bullying.sav"). (a) Define the statistical model that the researchers used, clearly relating each of the terms in the model to the data they collected. Describe why ANCOVA is an appropriate analytic approach for examining these relationships (4 marks). (b) Perform an ANCOVA in SPSS. In your answer, make sure you provide the following:  Statement of the hypotheses you are testing (1 mark);  Relevant SPSS output and interpretations (including whether the regression lines are parallel) (5 marks);  An appropriate conclusion that is justified by the results (2 marks). (c) Would your conclusion have been different if you had ignored age? Provide evidence to support your answer (3 marks