Format: Papers 1,250-1,500 words e course. Papers should follow APA format. Read chapters 4, 13 and 15 of the course textbook-reader, Understanding Crime in Canada. The chapters are entitled: "Measuring Crime," "Violent Crime," and "Property Crime." Write a paper on the following series of questions, which are centred around the textbook-reader, What are the main methods (or tools) that criminologists use to measure crime rates and crime trends? Are crime rates trending upwards, downwards or staying about the same? Which crime categories (if any) are experiencing declines, which crime categories (if any) are experiencing increases, and which are staying about the same? Do the different types of measurement tools provide the same picture of crime rates and crime trends, or are the pictures different, and if so, why? Which crime measurement tool do you think is most reliable, and why? Your paper must make reference to—and demonstrate knowledge and understanding of—the above readings, all of which are relevant to this topic. Also i attached Microsoft documents, which include pages from the textbook that should be used in the essayIn Canada, criminologists use a variety of measurements with regards to crime statistics. Each of these tools derives their respective measurements from different aggregations of crime data, which is helpful in some way. As a result, the ensuing crime rate in Canada is often portrayed starkly as compared to objective reality. Furthermore, crime trends are not a static entity- that is; they undergo significant hangs due to a variety of social, economical, and political factors. The main methods that criminologist use to measure crime rates and trends is the Uniform Crime Report, General Social Survey and Crime Severity Investigation. The UCR is the uniform crime reporting stat which became official in 1962 by the Criminal Justice System. It collects all aggregate data and is incidence based. The problem with UCR is that it does not account for the dark figure of crime. The dark figure of crime refers to the variations between the number of crimes that occur and the numver of crimes that are actually reported to the polce, this figure highlights the large number of unreported crimes. The General Social Survey a telephone survey asking individuals about their crimes or victimization that is not reported in the Uniform Crime reports which includes assult, sexual assult and robbery. Criminal Severity Index gives a weight to each crime to measure its severity. The weight is derived on the sentence given. Crime rate is a menace that Canada is facing. Crime rates are going down, generally but in certain areas they have been increasing. Trends toward violent crimes have increased. Crimes such as automobile theft has decreased due to the installation of government-mandated disabiling all new crimes, this is known as secuirtiy hypothesis by Graham Ferall. Homicdies have also decreased, while assults have increased only due to that fact they have made improvements in emergency medical care, young people are more risk tolerarant, and internet has made kids stay homeinstead of going out and get victimized. The problem is internet crimes have increased, for example Amanda Todd, fraud that occurs but Canada has a new Biil C- 13. Crime incidences increase geographically to the west and to the north mostly. Different types of measurement tools do not provide the same picture of crime rates and crime trends due to the fact that they all measure different things. The UCR is based on what the police generated statics are not an objective measure for crime, rather they reflect the attidues and opionions of officers, poiicies and procdeudres, especially when police officers sometimes do not report the important crime that can just be dealt with. Victimization surveys do help because there are reporting the crime that the police did not involve, since two thirds of the crime is not reported to the police so they help the missing information of the crime but the problem is some of the crime still does not get reported due to some people may not have telphones. The best crime measurement tool that will be the most reliable will be a combination of the Unifrom Crime Report and General Social survey. These measurentments needs to include crime that is reported and crime that is not because instead of having so many measurments, it should just focus one that includes everything. Police-reported and victimization data are complementary sources that together provide a more comprehensive picture of criminal activity in Canada. While differences in the methodology between these surveys prevent direct comparison, trends can be compared for four of the eight offences studied by the GSS: sexual assault, physical assault, residential breaking and entering, and motor vehicle theft. There is room for improvement in the ways in which crime is measured. As we improve and add to the tools used to measure crime, our understanding of the nature and extent of crime in Canada improves. One limitation of victimization data is that they are currently collected every five years, while police-reported data are available annually.