Choose one of the following questions. In formulating your response, bear in my mind that all these topics are open to debate, so there are no simple or ‘right’ answers. You will need to present an argument and substantiate it with a variety of sources – the work of other academics, authors and commentators - to substantiate any claims being made. The question: 2. To what extent have environmental concerns shaped the urban planning of towns and cities through history? Discuss. The references: Ashworth, W. (1951) British Industrial Villages in the Nineteenth Century, Economic History Review, Vol. 3. Bacon, E (1976) Design of Cities, Thames and Hudson, London. Bakley, S. (1975) Unit 23: The Garden City. Open University Press, England. Bell, C. and Bell, R. (1972) City Fathers: The Early History of Town Planning in Britain, Pelican Books, London. Benevolo, L. (1980) The History of the City, Scolar Press, London Cherry, G. (1988) Cities and Plans, Edward Arnold, London. Fishman, R. (1977) Urban Utopias In The Twentieth Century: Ebenezer Howard, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Le Corbusier, chps. 1-4, MIT Press, Boston. Freestone, R. (1989) Model Communities: The Garden City Movement in Australia, Thomas Nelson, Melbourne. Hall, P. (1998) Cities in Civilisation, Pantheon Books, New York. Hall, T. (1997) From Hippodamus to Haussmann: Town Planning in a Historical Perspective, chp. 2 in Hall, T. Planning Europe’s Capital Cities, Routledge, London. Howard, E. (1945) Garden Cities of To-morrow, Faber and Faber, London. Kostof, S. (1991) The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings Through History, Bulfinch Press, New York. Morris, A. (2013) History of Urban Form: Before the Industrial Revolution, Routledge, London. Mumford, L. (1979) The City in History, Penguin Books, New York. Owens, E. (1991) The City in the Greek and Roman World, Routledge, London. Pepper, D. (1984) The Roots of Modern Environmentalism, 1st edition, Routledge, London. Pounds, N. (2005) The Medieval City, Greenwood Press, Westport on-line book. Assessment Standards: Each piece of written work will be assessed against the following criteria: 1) actual content; 2) evidence of background reading; 3) nature of argument; 4) depth of analysis; 5) written expression (ie. clarity of style, grammar, punctuation, spelling, written expression, paragraph structure); 6) internal referencing (see the course guide for a brief overview of the Harvard citation system); 7) bibliography ; 8) presentation (ie. use of graphs, maps, tables and photographs; actual size and spacing of text; essay layout, typing, etc); 9) word length; 10) originality and resourcefulness. Assessment Criteria: The assessment criteria to be used to grade this research essay shall consist of the following: i) did the essay answer address all parts of the question; ii) was the essay answer able to formulate a coherent argument; iii) did it gather enough information and examples to help substantiate the argument being advanced in the essay answer; iv) did it exhibit an understanding of the subject matter (ie. provided definitions plus it explained key concepts and ideas); v) did it adopt a standard essay format – introductory and concluding paragraphs plus well-structured connected paragraphs that are logically ordered in their content with regard to answering the question; vi) adhered to the word limit; vii) did it consult some of the suggested references as well as the lecture notes and any relevant material; viii) did it exhibit good written expression (ie. grammar, punctuation, spelling, sentence structure, etc); ix) did it exhibit correct internal text referencing according to the Harvard style, plus x) did it possess a bibliography that only contains those reference sources actually cited in the text discussion. Structure : Introuduction : 150-200 words Arguments : Conclusion : 200 words