Turning a PowerPoint presentation into an essay You have successfully presented some ideas in a PowerPoint presentation, using the Pecha Kucha technique; now we look at how to turn that PPT into an essay Pilgrimage of Grace and the early Tudor crisis The movement broke out on 13 October 1536, immediately following the failure of the Lincolnshire Rising Only then was the term ‘Pilgrimage of Grace’ used Robert Aske led the pilgrimage of Grace, King Henry VIII of England had him (and the other leaders involved) executed for treason on 12 July 1537, despite promising they would be pardoned Historians have identified three key themes of the revolt Economic: The northern gentry had concerns over the new statute of uses. The poor harvest of 1535 had also led to high food prices, which likely contributed to discontent. Political: Many people in northern England disliked the way in which Henry VIII had cast off his wife, Catherine of Aragon. Her execution in 1536 on trumped-up charges of adultery and treason had done much to undermine the monarchy’s prestige and the king’s personal reputation Religious: The local church was, for many in the North, the centre of community life. Many ordinary peasants were worried that their church plate would be confiscated. There were also popular rumours at the time which hinted that baptisms might be taxed. Do all the revolts have these three themes in common? Wyatt’s Rebellion 1554 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain Queen Mary Phillip II of Spain Why were the gentry reluctant to join the rebellion? The Western Rebellion 1549 The poll tax on sheep Introduction of the Book of common Prayer in place of the Latin books Source: https://www.google.com.au/search?q=demands+of+the+western+rebels+1 549&espv=2&biw=1920&bih=935&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ah UKEwi0vY2J-qrKAhWGqJQKHSWbCMQ_AUIBygC#tbm=isch&q=tudor+bibled&imgrc=eANCdVAI6BODbM%3A Source: https://www.google.com.au/search?q=demands+of+the+western+rebels+1549&espv=2&biw=192 0&bih=935&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi0vY2J-qrKAhWGqJQKHSWbCMQ_AUIBygC#tbm=isch&q=tudor+bibled&imgrc=VOXqyZfI8dLZNM%3A The Northern Rebellion, 1569 Also known as THE RISING OF THE NORTH and THE REVOLT OF THE NORTHERN EARLS Mary Queen of Scots, fled to England in 1568, after abdicating her throne. She sought protection from her cousin and rival, Elizabeth. Elizabeth quashed this rebellion, and had Mary executed. This revolt goes by three names, do you think all theses all three names are important? Why did the rebellions take place when they did, and where they did? Why did the peasants think they needed members of the gentry to help them in their cause? Why were the gentry reluctant to join in the rebellions? What kind of arguments did the peasants advance to justify their rebellions? Start with your primary sources Start with your essay’s bibliography first Use www.nla.gov.au , www.wdl.org/en/, or university portals to locate your sources Find at least two contrasting primary sources Who is the author? Who was he or she writing for? What was the significance of the year? How did the source survive to our times? Use the slides to plan your essay Begin with your Topic Sentences, the bare bones of your argument, slide by slide Each Topic Sentence lives inside a paragraph Write out the paragraphs of the argument first Often it helps to write your concluding paragraph second-last and then your introduction last of all The Topic Sentences Embedded in the PowerPoint presentation is a series of steps in an argument Each step can be converted into a Topic Sentence For example: The local church was for many the centre of community life. We build the paragraphs of our essay around each of these Topic Sentences. Rule 1: one paragraph = one Topic Sentence. The hamburger: a metaphor for the paragraph Imagine the hamburger The meat is the Topic Sentence The cheese is the evidentiary sentence The lettuce is the qualifying sentence The tomato is the connecting sentence These other types of sentences Connecting sentences (how does this paragraph connect to the one that preceded it?) Evidentiary sentences (where can we find the primary source to back up this step in the argument?) Qualifying sentences (are there any ifs and buts to the argument, any exceptions to the rule?) Signposting sentences (where are we going next with this argument?) Rule 2: These other sentences do not a paragraph make Paragraphs that do not contain a Topic Sentence do not advance your argument One exception to this rule: sometimes a vignette at the front of the essay is a good idea, such as re-telling the story of the Frank family Rule 3: Only evidentiary sentences require a footnote A footnote tells the reader where to find the evidence you have used Historians use the Oxford style of referencing, with a superscript number in the text referring to a citation with the author’s name, the (italicised) title of the item, its publisher, place of publication and date (see examples in the textbook) Do not use a footnote when the information is factual and beyond dispute (such as, ‘he city of Fes was established in 789 CE by Idris I…’ from the textbook, p.257) Rule 4: Divide your bibliography into two parts For this essay you are required to use at least two primary sources and four secondary sources; list them separately in the bibliography at the end of your essay Material sourced from a website should include the date it was accessed Locating secondary sources Scholars who have already cited your primary sources will have developed arguments around them Google Scholar is one way to find them Investigate who these scholars are (or were) and why they put forward these arguments Your job is to enter into a rational debate with these previous writers An essay is an argument based on agreed facts, not simply an opinion Rule 5: Only use quotes for primary sources Quotes are designed to convey to the reader the sense of immediacy that is the hallmark of a primary source If the quote is 25 words or more, indent it and reduce its point size by 1 Paraphrase secondary sources in your own words – do not plagiarise! Why are academics so obsessed with plagiarism? Rule 6: Add adjectives to places, periods, people Writing a Conclusion (10 per cent) Your Conclusion is, like the Introduction, an important component of your piece of writing. It will sum up your argument with reference to the essay question. It may mention wider implications or future directions. A Conclusion is not simply a summary although it should include a summary. It's your chance to remind your reader what main point it was you wanted to make. One other feature of a good Conclusion is that it matches your Introduction. Source: http://www.monash.edu.au/lls/OffCampus/Improve/9.html Writing an Introduction (10 per cent) In general, a good introduction can introduce the topic and provide background information limit the scope of the discussion define/ state the topic present the plan of coverage including your line of argument/ viewpoint/ conclusions Source: http://www.monash.edu.au/lls/OffCampus/Improve/9.html Examples of essay topics 1.The Axial Age as a tool of historical explanation 2.Athens or Sparta? 3.The changing institution of slavery 4.What is this thing called the West? 5.Women’s role in history 6.Sacred texts and history 7.How did the discovery of the New World complicate the understandings of human history held by members of the Old World? Deadline and word length 2000 words of main text, with an Introduction, an argument, and a Conclusion Must use Oxford referencing and have a bibliography Submitted electronically and/or in printed form Due on date negotiated with your Tutor