NIT6130 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW by XXXX YYYY Student ID: 4999999 Submitted to: Dr. Rachid Hamadi ii Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures............................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ iv Chapter 1 Literature Review .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Broad Scan ........................................................................................................................... 2 1.1.1 Research journal ............................................................................................................ 2 1.1.2 Filing system ................................................................................................................. 4 1.1.3 Bibliographic file from broad scan ................................................................................. 5 1.2 Focused Review ................................................................................................................... 6 1.2.1 Updated Filing System................................................................................................... 7 1.2.2 Updated bibliographic file from focused review ............................................................. 7 1.3 Behavior Change Support of persuasiveness Approach ......................................................... 8 1.3.1 Background ................................................................................................................... 9 1.3.2 Framework and Method ................................................................................................. 9 1.3.3 Overview of the Proposed System ................................................................................ 11 1.4 Approach on M-Health Technology .................................................................................... 13 1.4.1 What is Mobile-Health? ............................................................................................... 14 1.4.2 Functioning and mechanism of Mobile Technologies ................................................... 14 1.4.3 Experiments ................................................................................................................ 16 1.4.4 Value deliverables ....................................................................................................... 17 1.4.6 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 18 1.5 Final Outline of the Literature review Chapter .................................................................... 19 1.6 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 19 List of References ........................................................................................................................ 21 iii List of Figures Figure 1: Storyboard illustrating reward and self-monitoring strategy (Orji, 2014)………………………………..11 Figure 2: A bar graph of the mean of individual strategies showing their overall persuasiveness. Error bars represent a 95% confidence interval. (Orji, 2014)………………………………………………………………………………….12 iv List of Tables Table1 Research journal tasks……………………………………………………………………………………………………2 Table 2 Table of filling system…………………………………………………………………………….……………………. 4 Table3 Table of updated filling system………………………………………………………. ……….……………………7 Table 4 Participants’ demographic information (Orji & R., 2014)……………………………………………11 Table 5 Mean and Standard Deviations (SD), Mean Difference (MD), t-values(t2), and significant levels for the individual strategies on a scale from 1(low) to7(high) for overall persuasiveness. (Orji & R., 2014)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………13 Table6 Classification of Examples from m-Health Technologies (Bhargava & Tanghetti, 2016)………………………………………………………………………………………………..17 1 Chapter 1 Literature Review This assignment is about a literature review on a specific topic which is called “Persuasive Health Technology for Human Well-Being”. I am reviewing two papers which are based on persuasive health approach. I am choosing two different papers, the first one showing the conventional approach as they examined the behavior change on story-board to see is if will be successful in real time (Orji, 2014). In the second paper, I am reviewing if technology based approaches or systems are more reliable or provide satisfactory results (Entner, 2012). To start from the beginning there are some steps which I have to follow which are showing below: Section 1.1 is broad scan where I mentioned about my research for papers, collection of papers and also write bibliography of all the papers. Section 1.2 is based on focused scan where I filter my research and find most relevant papers in them. Then again I updated the bibliography. Sections 1.3 and 1.4 are Literature Review where I selected two papers and reviewed them. Section 1.6 gives the outline of the literature review chapter. Finally, Section 1.6 is Introduction of my topic. 2 1.1 Broad Scan In Broad scan I selected my topic and search on internet with different keywords. I searched on different platform such as Google Scholar, IEEE, VU library. I found many papers and selected twenty from them for next level. 1.1.1 Research journal Table 1 Research journal tasks Date Task Action Comment 7/04/16 Searched the topic Chose some topics Selected one topic 9/04/16 Find papers on different sources like, Vu library and scholar Read them and save few of them Made the folder to save related work for collection. 11/04/16 Literature reading Read two papers from collection Found Good topic for follow up 13/04/16 Literature Reading Read two more papers Not very correlated with my research. Discard them. 3 16/04/16 Select 4 final documents Read all of them one by one Select final two for reviewing 17/04/16 Start assignment Started with citation of sources and bibliography Inserted the citations related my work 18/04/16 Start up to reviewing the first paper Read all the paper thrice Put some comments or lines in my literature review section. 20/04/16 Reading of paper Made notes of important theories or invention. Put them on paper in my own words. 21/04/16 Review of second paper Read all the paper Picked some of their important work and reviewed on my document 24/04/16 Writing Wrote down the two papers Fill all the fields and prepared the assignment 4 1.1.2 Filing system Table 2 : Table of filling system Source Keyword use No .Returned Literature No. Collected Literature Scholar m-Health Mobile Applications for the Health Sector Persuasive technology 934 5450 17200 2 5 3 Vu library Mobile Health Persuasive technology to improve well-being 140000 10,500 3 2 IEEE Persuasive strategies 635 4 5 1.1.3 Bibliographic file from broad scan The below list of references should be alphabetically ordered (Rachid). Try to have around 25 papers. 1, J. M., Win1, K. T., Oinas-Kukkonen2, H., & Freeman, M. (2015). Persuasive Technology in Mobile Applications Promoting. New York: Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016. a, M. K., b, S. Q., b, H. O.-K., & c, J. R. (2015). Wearable and mobile sensors connected to social media. 10. Bhargava, H. K., & Tanghetti, J. (2016). Mobile Health Technologies. Chen, W., & Paik, I. (2015). Toward Better Quality of Service Composition Based on a Global Social Service Network. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 26(5), 1466-1476. Christine Zhenwei Qiang, M. Y., Vicky Hausman, R. M., & Altman, D. (2012). Mobile Applications for Health Sector. Washington: * Corresponding author: 1818 H Street NW, MSN MC6-616, Washington DC 20433, USA. [email protected]. Entner, R. 2. (2012). “The Wireless Industry: The Essential Engine of Us Economic Growth.”. US: Recon Analytics . Freeman1, Matthews1, J., Win1, K. T., Oinas-Kukkonen2, H., & Mark. (2015). Persuasive Technology in Mobile Applications Promoting. SpringerLink, 13. Guo, Y., Yang, M., Hu, J., & Tao, L. (2016). Persuasive tech in keeping chronic patients’ willingness in health. Advances in Energy, Environment and Materials Science – Wang & Zhao (Eds), 4. Halko1, S., & Kientz1, J. A. (2010). Personality and Persuasive Technology: An Exploratory Study on Health-Promoting Mobile Applications. (pp. 1-13). Seattle, Washington, USA: ResearchGate. 6 Higgins, & J.P. (2016). Smartphone applications for patients' health and fitness. The American journal of medicine, 129(1),, 11-19. IJsselsteijn, W., Kort, Y. d., Midden, C., & Berry Eggen. (2015). Persuasive Technology for Human Well-Being:. The Netherlands : Eindhoven University of Technology,. keen, S., & Roberts, N. (2016). Preliminary evidence for the use and efficacy of mobile health applications in managing posttraumatic stress disorder symptom. palgrave-journals, 8. Kimbrough, S. O., Bieber, M. P., & Bhargava., H. K. (1990). "The Coast Guard's KSS Project.". interfaces20(6), 5-16. M. Vazquez, J. A., Nieto, J. I., & Sanchez, J. D. (2016). Model for Personalization of mHealth Systems. Orji, & R. (2014, may). Exploring the persuasiveness of behavior change support strategies and possible gender differences. In Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Behavior Change Support Systems (BCSS2014), Padova, Italy., 1-17. Qiang, C. Z., Yamamichi, & Masatake. (2012). Mobile Applications for the Health sector. Schnall, Rebecca, & Bakken, S. (2015). mHealth Technology as a Persuasive Tool for Treatment, Care. ResearchGate, 9. Steinberg, R. J., Bonnet, J., Modarai, F., & George, A. (2016). Mobile health devices: will patients actually. Journal of the AmericaSnh aMw ReJ,deitcala. Jl AImnMfoedrImnforamtiAcsssoc A20s16s;0o:1c–5i.adtoii:o10n.1 0A93d/javmaian/occv1e8 6A, BcriecfeCosmsm upniucabtiolnished, 5. Steinberg2, R. J., J. B., & George3, A. (2016). Mobile health devices. Mobile health devices: will patients actually use them?, 5. 1.2 Focused Review Research more on papers related with my topic. Filter some papers and select them for my further writing. From these 10 papers I select final two papers. 7 1.2.1 Updated Filing System The following table contains the updated filing system. Table3: Table of updated filling system Source Keyword use No .Returned Literature No. Collected Literature Scholar m-Health Persuasive technology 934 17200 2 2 VU library Mobile Health Persuasive technology to improve well-being 140000 10,500 2 3 IEEE Persuasive strategies 635 1 1.2.2 Updated bibliographic file from focused review The below list of references should be alphabetically ordered (Rachid). Try to have around 25 papers. 1, J. M., Win1, K. T., Oinas-Kukkonen2, H., & Freeman, M. (2015). Persuasive Technology in Mobile Applications Promoting. New York: Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016. 8 Bhargava, H. K., & Tanghetti, J. (2016). Mobile Health Technologies. Entner, R. 2. (2012). “The Wireless Industry: The Essential Engine of Us Economic Growth.”. US: Recon Analytics . Freeman1, Matthews1, J., Win1, K. T., Oinas-Kukkonen2, H., & Mark. (2015). Persuasive Technology in Mobile Applications Promoting. SpringerLink, 13. Guo, Y., Yang, M., Hu, J., & Tao, L. (2016). Persuasive tech in keeping chronic patients’ willingness in health. Advances in Energy, Environment and Materials Science – Wang & Zhao (Eds), 4. Halko1, S., & Kientz1, J. A. (2010). Personality and Persuasive Technology: An Exploratory Study on Health-Promoting Mobile Applications. (pp. 1-13). Seattle, Washington, USA: ResearchGate. Higgins, & J.P. (2016). Smartphone applications for patients' health and fitness. The American journal of medicine, 129(1),, 11-19. IJsselsteijn, W., Kort, Y. d., Midden, C., & Berry Eggen. (2015). Persuasive Technology for Human Well-Being:. The Netherlands : Eindhoven University of Technology,. Orji, & R. (2014, may). Exploring the persuasiveness of behavior change support strategies and possible gender differences. In Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Behavior Change Support Systems (BCSS2014), Padova, Italy., 1-17. Qiang, C. Z., Yamamichi, & Masatake. (2012). Mobile Applications for the Health sector. 1.3 Behavior Change Support of persuasiveness Approach Human behavior is uncertain. It relies on person to person. Even there is a huge difference between man’s reaction and woman’s reaction. Persuasive technology focuses on human behavior which impact on their health and fitness. This research is focused on behavior Change Support System which will locate the idea of getting fitter and healthy. For the experiment (Orji, 2014) they used some strategies to find out the problems and purposed some solutions. Section1.3.1 lighting up on the background of the topic. Their they briefly mention methodology and approaches. Section 1.3.2 showing the method and framework by which they researched and 9 creating methods for approaches. Section 1.3.3 is overview of purposed system, some graphs or tables to show the real time factors. Section 1.3.4 is Discussion part where I include pros and cons and conclude the paper. 1.3.1 Background Today’s fast paced life leads so many health problems. For health care people have to aware about it. In present, researchers finding out the persuasive techniques for health care system. Human behavior also has deep impact on the techniques. In this paper they compared behaviors of both males and females. They tried to explain that persuasiveness is vary person to person. Females reacted differently on different things or matters on different times. And males as well vice versa. As they picked numerous methodologies yet the genuine idea is to figure shared results. As everybody has distinctive options or tastes so they have diverse methodology for anything that comes to them. Be that as it may, here scientists attempted to discover one methodology which will fit to all. The other one approach is called group-based tailoring as they believe that gender is a reliable approach. This research added up different as key interest like; physical active, health consciousness and behavior. These strategies are under persuasive system design. They had experiment the strategies. Some of them are very influential and the other is less and as it proved that in women expressiveness is far different from men. They used 10 persuasive technologies which were divided in competition, comparison, cooperation, customization, personalization, praise, simulation, Self-monitoring and Feedback, suggestion, and reward. 1.3.2 Framework and Method For the experiment they used storyboard as storyboard provided actual results and there will be no bias decision through this experiment. They thought story board is much efficient. It also provides a common or comfortable platform so that people of any background can easily understand it. Figure 1; shows examples of two of the ten used persuasive strategies, reward and 10 self-monitoring. The idea of this story board was that people could easily understand the language and provided the full information which was asked through story board or application. It was interesting because people felt comfort and motivation. Before that they asked some comprehensive question to get the idea that if people understood the system or not than they asked main 4 questions. The questions were inspect using participant agreement with a 7-point Likert scale ranging From” 1=strongly disagree” to “7=strongly agree” Figure1: Storyboard illustrating reward and self-monitoring strategy (Orji, 2014) They used AMT (Amazon’s Mechanical Turk) which consider to be most acceptable method for gathering information. 11 Table 4: Participants’ demographic information (Orji, 2014) Total participants=1108 Gender Females (533, 48%), Males (575, 52%) Age Age 18-25 (418, 38%), 26-35 (406, 37%), 36-45 (168, 15%), Over 45 (116, 10%) Education Less than High School (12, 1%), High School Graduate (387, 35%), College Diploma (147, 13%) Bachelor’s Degree (393, 35%),Master’s Degree (141, 13% 1.3.3 Overview of the Proposed System Their analysis and results were based on participant’s interest or understanding towards the system. They had to assured that participants respond all questions. They used chi-squard tests to identify the responses. Results were significant at p<001. Second, picked consistency of scale using cronbach’s alpha(α). Third is uniqueness of responses. They used EFA. The graph below shows the results personalization and simulations are more persuasive. Customization is below than the neutral line. 12 Figure 2: A bar graph of the mean of individual strategies showing their overall persuasiveness. Error bars represent a 95% confidence interval. (Orji, 2014) Table 5: Mean and Standard Deviations (SD), Mean Difference (MD), t-values(t2), and significant levels for the individual strategies on a scale from 1(low) to7(high) for overall persuasiveness. (Orji, 2014) N=1108 Mean SD MD t2 P COOP 4.40 1.76 0.41 7.69 <.0001 CUST 3.35 1.75 -0.65 12.38 <.0001 PERS 4.84 1.64 0.83 17.04 <.0001 PRAS 4.22 1.75 0.21 4.01 <.0001 REWD 3.91 1.82 -0.09 1.67 <.0960 SIML 4.62 1.72 0.62 11.88 <.0001 CMPTCMPR 4.40 1.72 0.40 7.81 <.0001 SEMSUG 4.31 1.59 0.31 6.57 <.0001 This table represent the idea that men and women recommended some strategies on high persuasive and other on low persuasive. Even though the persuasive measures are different from both sides ,then examined the communication between gender and behavior technology; With the t-test, they came to know that from 10 PT strategies, some technologies are very convincing 13 and some of them are not so convincing. Approaches towards the persuasiveness are totally different from men to women. They performed repeated-Measures ANOVA (RM-ANOVA). To explore more significant differences between males and females with respect to the persuasiveness of various strategies performed the Repeated-Measure ANOVA (RM-ANOVA) on data. The investigation was performed after approving information for ANOVA suppositions, without any infringement. 1.3.4 Discussion This paper is basically shown up the behavior change in different gender. For that they used story board which helped people to eat healthy and reduce unwanted calories from their diet. Storyboard is different but in reality nobody knows but will be the actual results or figures. May be people feel boring or tough after some time if the system shows the repeated results or incorrect results. If anytime they find that results are not true or may be if they getting negative remarks they will try to ignore or stop using this application. The main thing this is just story-board not actual implementation. That will be the other case. And behavior change cannot be measure in isolation. The actual outcomes are that which will create through technology. In today’s time mobiles are important part of life and if we develop an application by which people can measure or keep eye on their fitness and eating habits that will be much reliable, actual and trustable consequences measurements. 1.4 Approach on M-Health Technology My second paper is based on mobile applications which are available on Google Play or i-tunes (Entner, 2012). In today’s period 1000’s of application are on just one touch. This paper provides solution or structure of three phase mobile health technology. It gives some ideas about applications, their usages, techniques and functions. Section 1.4.1 explains about mobile health. What it is? What it include. Section 1.4.2 tells us about the functioning of the technology. How it works. Section1.4.3 showing some results or 14 experiments through some case studies. Section1.4.4 providing values after the experiments. 1.4.5 is about system proposal. And section 1.4.6 is conclusion of the paper. 1.4.1 What is Mobile-Health? Mobile plays crucial role in today’s life. Most of the people around the world use mobile phones. And now these normal mobile phones are converting in Smartphone. These Smartphone’s have so many features that it becomes easy to approach anything on single click. They are very powerful and have tremendous processing powers. Everything is available on mobile phones whether they are concerned study, entertainment, games etc. So, why the health industry will miss it? In today’s time health care is integral part of economic sector. In recent study, the U.S. wireless industry by Roger Entner (2012) found that cell phones enhance laborer efficiency in four basic ways: diminishing inefficient travel time, enhancing logistics, enabling speedier choice making and engage little organizations and improving communication. Entner projects productivity gains from wireless in the medical industry to reach $305 billion over the next 10 years (Entner, 2012). 1.4.2 Functioning and mechanism of Mobile Technologies Mobiles have capacity but they also have complexity which bothers the developers or adopters to get the proper knowledge about it. In this paper, they are grouping the interventional m solutions. They make sub-parts like; apps, sensors and devices and explained about them, their capabilities and work. After that they combine apps and devices. Where information is collect by sensor record in apps and run on devices. Medical health institutes, companies are deeply attached and taking part in this industry as this industry growing day by day. These institutions are involving in the process of development and deployment also. These apps can be beneficial for both patients and doctors as patients will e more aware about their health, they can monitor and improve by their selves and also for doctor is easy to examine the patients and the medical history on one click. But most of the apps are “Stand-alone” because 15 so many applications don’t have link between doctor and patient. Thousands of apps are available in market but not all of them are approved from FDA. FDA has some fundamental measurements based on that apps can be certified. All the devices, apps and sensors have some functions because they set a target to detect the diseases and control them. m-health technologies have various functions by which they examine the behavior change and improving health conditions. Functions of m-health technologies are; Functions of m-Health Technologies ● Inform ● Advise ● Communicate ● Measure ● Monitor ● Motivate Apps can inform the patients about their disease and medication. It can gives advice to meet the doctors or symptoms. It also can make possible to communicate between doctor and patient. Communication can also be possible through e-mail or direct mail to doctor’s system. Patients can monitor their pulse rate, heart-beat and diabetes through sensors. By getting all the information patient and doctor can measure the condition of body and can make better decision. These technologies can motivate people to take care of their selves and take precautions. 16 1.4.3 Experiments In this paper they examine some case studies and categorized them in different sections. Table6 shows the m-health technology and its different aspects and functions below. They experimented with six health technologies based on their type level of integration and of course what and how they work. Table6: Classification of Examples from m-Health Technologies (Bhargava & Tanghetti, 2016) m-health Technology Type of technology Level of institutional integration Function Ovia Pregnancy Tracker App Low Inform Advise Measure Monitor Motivate Mango Health App Low Inform Measure Motivate Ginger.io App and Sensor High Advise Communicate Measure Monitor 17 AliveCor App and Devices Medium Communicate Measure Monitor BlueStar by WellDoc App High Inform Advise Communicate Measure Monitor Motivate Mayo clinic Fitbit Recovery Study Sensor Medium Measure Monitor 1.4.4 Value deliverables In earlier I mentioned that they worked on framework which has three dimensions; these dimensions are institutional incorporation, technology and operational efficiency. They mentioned different case studies where they found different solutions and different levels of values. Those levels are: Difference in behavioral change, Medication devotion, Change in health system utilization , Quicker analysis, Patient health outcome, Patient satisfaction ("feel good") by (Bhargava & Tanghetti, 2016). 1.4.5 System proposals For positive results it is mandatory to believe in that thing and also follow that without any doubt. Positivity is must. In today’s time mobiles technology growing very fast. Every day is a new day in 18 the field of technology. Operating systems, processers are very powerful in today’s modern smart phones. And because of that there are huge health technologies here and everyone have different effect or impacts. These technologies then experimented by these frameworks which provide values. They mentioned here three purposes of developing the system which are purposed by (Kimbrough et al. 1990) Convenience, Computation, and Chestnuts. They explained these three purposes. In recent days, mobiles are so convenient and easy to use that people can use them even without any special knowledge. This makes people more confident and motivated that they easily adapt new changes or response to observed data. Most of the apps are user friendly. Computation is also makes these technologies more valuable. Patients’ progress, blood pressure, storage or data gathering are the features of these technologies which will increase with the computation. It is easy for the doctor to know about the patient’s condition or progress. This technique provides all information about the person to his doctor. Chestnut is high value solution. Chestnut is not only for correct measurements, correct solution but also for right time. It measures all the conditions and also provides right guidance and right doctor. Time is a crucial factor in any field. 1.4.6 Conclusion M-health technology provides great solution and has great impact on people who follow the apps. But most of the apps are not approved from FDA as they are not linked with doctors. People who using them they believing on the results which are providing by apps but how much they are true or appropriate. There is a doubt about it. Because if a specialist is not connected with you then how can it will be necessary that the solutions which are provided by these apps are relevant and will suit to your body. Technologies are good inventions in today’s time and they are also motivating, challenging to the people who wants to get fit and healthy. They are blessing for them who don’t have time to go to specialists or dietitians. It’s easy for them to reach on special advice on one click at home. But every-thing has pros and cons. We can’t fully depend on these technologies or apps. Personal guidance or personal interaction has its own great impact and value. Every app may be differ from 19 other. Some of them consuming so much time and money as well so there is uncertainty regarding the results then why people have to spend their time and money. 1.5 Final Outline of the Literature review Chapter 1. Introduction 2. Selected Paper1 2.1 2.2 3. Selected Paper2 3.1 3.2 4. Discussion 5. Conclusion 1.6 Introduction My topic is persuasiveness mobile health technologies for human well being. Mobile-health technology is a vast and new area of research. I searched so many papers and from them I selected two papers which are based on both persuasiveness and mobile -health application. First paper, examine the human behavior over persuasiveness of health technology and on the other hand my second papers explained the different mobile health technologies solutions, inventions, techniques, usages etc. it also provide the framework of applications. About development and deployment. M-health is beneficiary in today’s time and it has some levels and values which are discussed in this paper. 20 21 List of References Orji, R. (2014). Exploring the persuasiveness of behavior change support strategies and possible gender differences. In Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Behavior Change Support Systems (BCSS2014), Padova, Italy., 1-17 Bhargava, H. K., & Tanghetti, J. (2016). Mobile Health Technologies. Kimbrough, Steven O, Clark W Pritchett, Michael P Bieber, and Hemant K Bhargava (1990). “The Coast Guard’s KSS Project.” Interfaces 20 (6): 5–16. (Entner, 2012)