I have attached the questions, just answer in a plain English not complicated words and complex sentences, Do literature references with the given readings only, please. Moreover, Use Personal noun like I believe knowledge is _____________ then add with literature references example whereas Wiliam ( 2015) point ou that knowledge is --- The below work is written by one of our friend Tara on Forum, so you can use her words as well but put her name in references like this In the body of your work (Smith, 2017) In the reference section: Smith, D. J. (2017, March 14). Learner agency forum comment [Online forum comment]. posted to http:// [add URL} Knowledge needs a knower by Tara Wingfield - Friday, 28 April 2017, 7:09 AM When information is available to all, the risk of being cited as an expert is a vulnerable position especially when you are trying to sort truth from fiction (New Scientist, 2017) According to Plato, knowledge in itself is a philosophical pursuit, and judgmental trolling has meant that the rigorous study of epistemology lies on the fringe to the decisions we make (New Scientist, 2017). For example, consider the constant debate we have internally and publicly about managing our diet. Which combinations of low carbs and low fats are the best, the most effective or the healthiest? The views on this can be discussed from a scientific perspective, or a nutritional perspective, like Dr Libby, or even from a celebrity perspective - “the biggest looser”. All views are relevant and all are part of our filtering process. But how do we know which knowledge to trust? This is where rigorous study of knowledge is important. Web sites like “The Well” are one of the few sites who mediate the content that they provide, whereas Facebook news, unbeknown to many, apply a cross-cutting1 algorithm that removes diverse news, and feeds you news that you will like, ******ing down your exposure to literature (Sandvig, 2015). It is exceptional that last week in his first public speech since leaving office that Bariak Obama would refer to this growing culture of ******ing down saying… “we now have a situation in which everybody's listening to people who already agree with them and are further and further reinforcing their own realities to the neglect of a common reality that allows us to have a healthy debate” The difficulty in understanding knowledge is that we are fallible, and when faced with an overwhelming body of information we fall back on common sense, gut feel, our intuition, obsolete mind sets or we choose the easiest solution, none of which is rigorously determined (New Scientist, 2017). Howgego, (2017) argues that knowledge needs a “knower”. For example he asks us to consider the importance of the Rosetta stone to our understanding of hieroglyphics, or the importance of losing a minority language. Once it is lost, so too is our understanding of the language, we loose more then just words we loose the tone, the insinuations, the intent and the subtitles that it is all packaged with it. If we just look upon knowledge as a by-product of what we are taught in school, we loose its sociocultural intent and the value it had. Therefore if we viewed or valued knowledge as it’s own entity, it would not be seen as product, that Gilbert (2005) warns us about, instead it would be seen as the responsibility for all humanity and is nurtured, feed and valued. Thus the weight of societal expectations that weigh heavily on teachers shoulders, is shared, and modern pedagogical models about the theories of knowledge, would provide value and meaning to knowledge and knowing (Alexander, 2006). References Cross-cutting1 - The Facebook news feed curation algorithm removes hard news from diverse sources that you are less likely to agree with but it does not remove the hard news that you are likely to agree with. Alexander, P. (2006). Psychology in learning and instruction. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson. Chapter Four. The nature of knowledge and the process of knowing (pp. 63 - 87). Obama, B (2017, April 25) Former President Obama delivers his first public speech since leaving office. Retrieved from http://time.com/*******/barack-obama-university-of-chicago-speech-transcript/ New Scientist (2017, March 29) Philosophers of knowledge, your time has come. Retrieved from https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg********-000-philosophers-of-knowledge-your-time-has-come/ Howgego, J. (2017, March 29) Will Our Knowledge Survive US? New Scientist Retrieved from https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg********-000-philosophers-of-knowledge-your-time-has-come/ Mercier, H., (2010) The Social Origins of Folk Epistemology. Review of Philosophy and Psychology. V1 (4), p499-514 DOI: 10.1007/s*****-010-0021-4 Gilbert, J. (2005). Catching the knowledge wave? The knowledge society and the future of education. Wellington, NZ: NZCER Press. Chapter 4: Where to from here? New ways of thinking about knowledge and learning (pp. 67-97).