EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Design of a movable pedestrian bridge has been proposed as a major project in the Oxley Creek Transformation Project plan. This bridge will help in improving the community lifestyle by improving the communication between two banks. This bridge will also help in saving a huge amount of time by providing a direct path over the water body. The main feature of this bridge is that it is movable and hence can be deployed very easily as per requirement. This design is a Bascule bridge design concepts. This bridge is simpler to construct and also environment friendly, because, most of the materials used are environment friendly. The scope of the project includes the bridge has to be movable. There is no mid-span support for the bridge. The design of the bridge will only support pedestrian, cycles and horse. The 90% of the design is comprised of both timber and bamboo because of their constructional sustainability. The bridge will have 20 metre as length, 5 metre as width and 1 metre as height as its dimensions.   Contents Executive Summary 1 1. Introduction 3 2. Problem definition 5 3. Project scope 7 4. Literature search 8 5. Feasibility Calculation 12 6. Conclusions and Recommendations 15 7. References 16 8. Appendix A 18   1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview of the Report: A movable bridge is going to be developed in Oxley Creek region, which is located in the south west part of the city of Brisbane. According to projection of Brisbane City Council (BCC) this bridge will come under the transformation project initiated by them in that particular region. Entire project is mainly focused on to make improvements on Oxley Creek that will be helpful mainly for the local people in their daily lives. However, the project is scheduled for such a long term duration that is near about 20 years. In accordance with that the budget needs to be allocated with quite a large amount as well. According to BCC project initiation report, total investment for this improvement project is more than 100 million dollars (rms.nsw.gov.au, 2017). This particular project of making a movable bridge is mainly planned for the pedestrians, cyclists and the people moved through wheelchairs as well. Having the facility of the footpath to cross over, the bridge will be more useful for the pedestrians. Along with this, the projected movable bridge also focuses on to be useful for the purposes as well like boating or kayaking in the river under the bridge too. Apart from this, it will also look after the issues like abnormal increase in the water level of the river due to the rainfall, seasonal changes, and irregular tides. 1.2 Objectives of the Report: The main objectives of this project of making a movable bridge in the Oxley creek region in Brisbane is to provide better facilities to local people there as well as the visitors come to visit Brisbane. It will improve the lifestyle of them and make the most of the by investments done by the BCC. 1.3 Steps of the Report: The entire report will be completed with performing various steps, starting from the project initiation up to better completion of it. Therefore, the entire project work is divided into five specific stages. Stage 1: Starting with the requirements of the projects along with its aim and objectives, this stage also highlights the functional needs of this particular project. Along with this, all the required concerns regarding economical, social as well as the environmental is also pointed out in the initial stage. Stage 2: At the 2nd stage, the attention is drawn regarding all the all the project related issues and problems that are assumed, can occur while implementing the project. Stage 3: Based on the 2nd stage of the project, in accordance with the problems that are found in the previously, all the required solutions will be found in this particular stage. With the help of proper investigation of each design that are provided, the existing solution will be evaluated as well for the best performance of the projected movable bridge in the transformation project of Oxley Creek in the city of Brisbane. Stage 4: This particular stage is considered as the main port of this entire report, where the design of the movable bridge is analyzed as well as verified. On that regard, all the engineering sketches and required calculations are made in this stage. Stage 5: At the end, stage 5 is the last part of the project that concludes the entire report. Along with that, in this part, all the available recommendations are also made, based on which the entire project of this movable bridge will be improved with better quality and function in near future as well.   2. PROBLEM DEFINITION 2.1 Design of the problem: 2.1.1 Purposes of the Project: Here the entire project focuses to make an appropriate design for a particular movable bridge in Oxley Creek.There will not be any support in the middle span of the bridge. All the required support for the particular bridge to stand tall is provided by the each banks of Oxley creek.According to the requirements, the dimension of the clearance area will be 16m in the width and the height will 5m. 2.1.2 Outputs of the Project: The basic purpose of the project is to enhance the level of the community life in that particular region.This projected bridge enables the option of creating more investments on this regard for the transformation the entire region on a positive note. It will also provide the opportunity for performing various sports as well as leisure activities like boating, kayaking. 2.1.3 Functions of the project: The projected bridge needs to be movable for better functioning processes. According to the requirements, the bridge needs to be open and provide the appropriate space for passing the traffics through it. The entire process of opening and closing of the bridge needs to stay from the water level issue, especially, during the time of high tides and monsoon when the water level increases. 2.1.4 Needs of the Projects: The entire span of the movable bridge will be 20m in length, along with this, the distance from the water level will be in a height of 1.8m. The bridge will provide the options to the pedestrians, horse riders as well as the cyclists to go to use the bridge appropriately along with the facility of footpath too. The footpath of the bridge will have a width of 2m considered as minimum clearance of it. Apart from all these, the design of the entire bridge must be compatible with the all the safety measures on making of any particular movable bridge. 2.2 Sustainability of the Project: 2.2.1 Issues regarding society: People who want to cross the bridge to go to one bank to another must have to wait in the time of opening of the bridge. It will consume a bit of time for the pedestrians, horse riders as well as cyclists too. 2.2.2 Issues regarding economy: Focusing on the economical issues, it can be said the, the cost of the machines that are required to make the bridge movable is huge. Along with this, the cost of maintenance of this projected is very much higher as well, however, it is required to be paid to get the efficient performance of the movable bridge. 2.2.3 Issues regarding environment: Shedding light in the issues regarding the environment, the bridge abutments can be accounted as it will be affected by the occurrences of the flood in that particular river under the bridge. Side erosion is also a matter of concern that comes under environmental issues along with the disruption of the river stream during the progress of bridge construction process may create problems too.   3. PROJECT SCOPE This part of the report will highlight the different scopes for this particular project. All these project scopes are divided into two specific parts; these are termed as in scope and the out scope of the project. 3.1 In scope of the project: Projected bridge will provide better options to cross the river for the pedestrians, horse riders, cyclists along with the disable Persons who used wheelchairs. The bridge span needs to be designed in such a way that it can move around to make opening for traffic clearance. Support in the middle of the span will not be provided, all the required support need to take from the both banks of the river. the footpaths in the bridge must have the minimum clearance of having 2m as width and the height will be 3m 3.2 Out Scope of the project: Verifying the performance of the machineries that are used for the automatic opening and closing options for better traffic clearance can be considered as the out scope of this project. The design that is proposed for this movable bridge can be tested by proper implementation of this design. Abutments on both sides of creek. Table1: in scope and out scope (Bushell, 2017) 3.3 Assumptions for the projects: All the required assumptions are made for this particular project by the BCC, for investing the proper way in order to improve the daily of the local people on that region, along with better experience for the visitors too.Starting with the first, the length of the entire bridge needs to 20m. The location for implementing the project is selected by BCC, and the Oxley Creek region in the Brisbane city is selected by them (abs.gov.au, 2017).Abutments of the bridge need to be in the indifferent surface level on both the sides of the river.   4. LITERATURE SEARCH 4.1 Available designs for movable bridges: 4.1.1 Bascule Bridge: Motion of Span: the bridge span will swing in the upward direction. Figure 1: Bascule Bridge (Source: Cohen et al. 2014) Strengths and weaknesses: focusing on the strengths, span is not required in bascule pier, in the position of closing and the total counterweight is divided through the bascule pier. Cohen et al. (2014) viewed that heavy amount of counterweight is considered as a requirement and the location of this weight will be exactly on the top level of bridge span. Both of this can be considered as the weaknesses. Example: Grafton Bridge in New South Wales. 4.1.4 Folding Bridge: Motion of Span: the entire span will be folded. Figure 2: Folding Bridge. (Source: Smits, 2015) Strengths and weaknesses: strengths can be highlighted in this type of bridges as there is no requirements of the counterweight as the entire span will fold it as a coil. Smits (2016) opined that, for better expansion, the span will be help in a vertical manner which can cause problems. Example: Horn Bridge in Germany. 4.1.5 Swing Bridge: Motion of Span: entire span will rotate about a vertical axis which must be fixed. Figure 3: Swing Bridge. (Source: Oakley, 2014) Strengths and weaknesses: Requirements of low level maintenance as this type of bridge creates low friction (Oakley, 2015). The bridge span will swing entirely so that no counterweight is required. Now focusing on the weaknesses it can be said that, vertical axis are required to form in very deep in the water level. In addition, this type of bridges do not provide the option for traffic volume increment. Example: BNSF Railway bridge across the Columbia River in Portland. 4.1.2 Rolling Bascule Bridge: Motion of Span: the span will be raised with a having a rolling motion. Figure 4: Rolling Bascule Bridge. (Source: Chen &Duan, 2014) Strengths and weaknesses: easy rotation of the segment wheel can be the strength of rolling bascule bridges. However, the cylinder support at only in a single space of the head is pointed as a weak point (Chen &Duan, 2014). Example: Railway Rolling lift bridge in Oldenburg, Germany 4.1.3 Vertical Lift Bridge: Motion of Span: justifying the name, the span of this type of bridges lifted along its vertical axis. Figure 5: Vertical Lift Bridge. (Source: Phillips &Priwer, 2014) Strengths and weaknesses: strengths can be counted as water obstruction is not required as deployment can be performed by the bridge with the help of its counterweight. It can also rise for the small vessels too (Phillips &Priwer, 2014). Weaknesses are there as headway is limited which dependent of the height of the tower and work issues regarding the maintenance of the bridge. Example: Kattwyk Bridge, in Hamburg, Germany. 4.2 Properties of the used materials: 4.2.1 Timber: Timber could be used as a construction material for the movable bridge construction in Oxley Creek in Brisbane. Timber is the material that has features like easy availability and formable too. Hsu et al. (2017) argued that, due to the easy formable options, timber can provide the opportunity for creation of suspension between the ropes of the bridge. It is also accounted as a material for construction that totally renewable (Hernández &Fontán, 2014). On the other hand, timber is not considered as an ideal elastic material, so that after removing the load from it, the exact shape of timber cannot be recovered (Sharma & Mittal, 2016). Due to this, timber is used as the beam of this particular construction of movable bridge. 4.2.2 Bamboo: The construction of the bridge is mainly focused on the social as well as economical development of that particular region of Oxley creek in the city of Brisbane, Australia. On that regard, Oakley (2014) stated that, conventional materials is used for the process of construction of this particular bridge, in order to protect the sustainable environment and release the load in the environment in the societies that are going through the development processes. Berger et al. (2013) viewed that, bamboo is considered as an environmental friendly material for construction as it very much sustainable, even from steel also. Therefore, this particular construction material can be used in various applications in order to achieve better completion of this movable bridge project (Kaufmann & Meier, 2015). 5. FEASIBILITY CALCULATION 5.1: Overview of the proposed design: Based on study, the design will be Bascule type of designing concepts modifying the proposed design. Due to the use of materials like bamboo and timber the design is simple and environment friendly and easily maintainable, the bridge the suspension ropes will be used, this system is composed of mainly two components, cable or rope and several hangers which are located in the both sides. There are several assumptions made from this design which are: ● Quality of the suspension rope: Length = 14 metre, Quantity = 4 ropes ● Bamboo will be used in bridge deck. ● Dimensions of the bridge: Length = 20 metre, Width = 5 metre ● The height of the parapet walls: Height = 1 metre ● Under the bridge (bridge truss) timber will be used. ● The suspension ropes will be made of Polypropylene 5.2: Calculation Process: Density equation is used in order to calculate the amount of load the bridge can withstand. This equation determines the amount of load on the bridge, the calculation is done by dividing the mass of the material used as well as multiplying the value by 9.8 metre/ second2. Now from the second equation the weight of the material can be found. Density = m (mass of material)/ v (volume of material), which is equal to m = dv Equation 1: Finding the mss of the material using density equation. W = mass (m) X gravitational acceleration (g), g = 9.8 metre/ second2 Equation 2: Weight of the materials. • Net cost of the bridge = $6000 + $3980 + $26436 + $54429 + $1644.16 + $399.2 = $66478.796 • Total mass of the bridge is = 280 + 536 + 134 + 187.6 + 67.2 + 10.36 = 1215.16 kilogram • The total weight of the bridge is 19233 5.6 Design Sketches: Figure6: Plan view include Abutments. Figure7: Side view Figure8: Full scale of the Bascule Design. Figure9: Opening mechanism. Figure10: Closing position. 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS At the end of this report study, it has been concluded that Oxley Creek region needs a significant movable design in order to build a bridge for pedestrians. In this respect, it has been developed in this study that bascule of bridge is the most suitable and the best for this region as pedestrians can be able to move and to cross the bridge without any risk or difficulties. Other than this, it has been signified that engineers also get benefit, as they have to make these mentioned styles of bridge with bamboo and timber. This bridge helps the pedestrians to move over it and engineers are also influenced and can be able to build this type of bridge easily and strongly. Moreover, it is to be revealed that atmosphere and environment remain pleasant, as dust and pollution do not invent by building this type of bridges for pedestrians. However, this report structure helps to identify different problems of such type of bascule bridge. Other than it, it also includes specific solutions and justifications of the problems that have been identified above. However, from the above study, it is clear to managers, employees and readers and they are highly helpful and beneficial in order to build mentioned style of bascule bridge. Oxley Creek Region and its people will definitely get advantages and benefits for moving over bridge of this style.   7. REFERENCES Bamboo Floors, 2017. ECO-n Bamboo flooring – Natural. Available From: . Berger, I., Healy, D., & Tilley, M. (2013). Movable span bridges of NSW; a new classification system. In 17th Engineering Heritage Conference: Canberra 100-Building the Capital, Building the Nation (62). Engineers Australia. Birnstiel, C. (2015). Movable bridge design standards. In Movable Bridge Design (pp. 115-121). ICE Publishing. Bushell, A. (2017). Project C Brief. ENGG1100 Course Notes St Lucia, Australia: University of Queensland. Chen, W. F., &Duan, L. (2014). Bridge Engineering Handbook: Superstructure Design. 1st ed. CRC press. Cohen, B., Ye, S., Karaman, G., Khan, F., Bartoli, I., Pradhan, A., ... &Minaie, E. (2014, July). Design and Implementation of an Integrated Operations and Preservation Performance Monitoring System for Asset Management of Major Bridges. 3rd. ed. In EWSHM-7th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring. Phillips, C., &Priwer, S. (2014). Bridges and Spans. 2nd ed. Routledge. Hernández, S., &Fontán, A. N. (2014). Movable and launched bridges: recent realizations and improved techniques. Mobile and Rapidly Assembled Structures IV, 136, 245. Hsu, W. K., Shih, N. H., & Lee, Y. L. (2017). Railway Continuous Prestressed Concrete Bridge Design in Ballastless Track Turnout Zones. Technologies, 5(2), 11. Kaufmann, W., & Meier, B. (2015). Conceptual Bridge Design beyond Signature Structures. In IABSE Symposium Report, 105(41), 1-8. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering. Sharma, S., & Mittal, N. (2016). Prosthetic Rehabilitation of Resected Mandibular Molar using Inlay Supported Fixed-Movable Bridge. Clinical Dentistry (0974-3979), 10(8). Smits, J. (2016). Bridge Design; Education and research in the field of integral, innovative, sustainable bridge design at TU Delft. In Structures and Architecture: Beyond their Limits (pp. 846-853). CRC Press. Oakley, K. (2014). Fixed-movable bridge A case study. Journal of visual communication in medicine, 37(3-4), 74-76. Timber information services, 2017. Timber benefit over other construction materials.Avialable from: . 8. APPENDIX A • Appendix1:Net cost of the bridge: Natural bamboo flooring = (as per bamboo floors, 2017) $60square meter. Area covered in the bridge deck: 20 meter x 5 meter = 100 meter2. Net cost of the 100 meter2 deck will be: 100 meter2 x $60 = $6000 Beam truss used under bridge’s deck: 8x8 inch timber = $3300 for 6/12 or less possible price = $3428 for pieces which are greater than 12 pieces, According to timber firm, 2017. ● 10 meter which is fence section will cost around = $3980 ● 40 meter which is long side beam will cost around = $26436 ● 82 meter which is cut section will cost around = $54429 Hempex rope Polypropylene of 2-inch diameter = $29.36 per meter According to traditional boat supplies, 2017 Cost of suspension ropes: 56 meter x $29.36 = $1644.16 Hempex rope Polypropylene of 1 inch diameter = $9.98 per meter According to Traditional boat supplies, 2017 Cost of fence rope: 40 meter x 9.98 = $399.2 Net cost of the bridge = $6000 + $3980 + $26436 + $54429 + $1644.16 + $399.2 = $66478.796 • Appendix2: Net mass of the bridge: Dimension of the bamboo deck: Length = 10 meter Width = 5 metre Height = 0.014 metre Hence the Volume of the bridge = 10 x 5 x 1 = 0.7 m3 This is the value of 1 bamboo flooring sheet of 1 metre length There for, density = m (mass of bamboo of 1 metre) / v (volume of 1 bamboo flooring sheet of 1 metre length), which is equal to m = dv m = ?, Density of the bamboo flooring sheet = 400 kilogram/metre3 M = 0.7 metre3 x 400 kilogram/metre3 = 280 kilogram 2 long side beams of 8 x 8 inch timber: Length = 20 metre Width = 0.20 metre Height = 0.2 metre Volume = 20 x 0.2 x 0.2 = 0.8 metre3 m = dv m = ?, Density of timber = 670 kilogram/ metre3 m = 0.8 metre3 x 670 kilogram/ metre3 = 536 kilogram 5 cut sections of 8 x 8 timber: Length = 5 metre Width = 0.20 metre Height = 0.2 metre Volume = 5 x 0.2 x 0.2 = 0.2 metre3 m = ?, Density of timber = 670 kilogram/ metre3 m = 0.2 metre3 x 670 kilogram/ metre3 = 134 kilogram 8 cut sections of 8 x 8 timber: Length = 7 metre Width = 0.20 metre Height = 0.2 metre Volume = 7 x 0.2 x 0.2 = 0.28 metre3 m =?, Density of timber = 670 kilogram/ metre3 m = 0.28 metre3 x 670 kilogram/ metre3 = 187.6 kilogram 56 metre Hempex rope of Polypropylene with 2-inch diameter: Width of the rope per metre = 1.2 kilogram Mass of 56 metre rope = 1.2 kilogram x 56 = 67.2 kilogram 40 metre Hempex rope of Polypropylene with 1 inch diameter: Width of the rope per metre = 0.259 kg Mass of 40m = 0.259 kilogram x 40 = 10.36 kilogram • Total mass of the bridge is = 280 + 536 + 134 + 187.6 + 67.2 + 10.36 = 1215.16 kilogram • Appendix3: Total weight of the bridge: Dead Load: This is a static force which stays constant for a very long period of time, it includes the load of the structure itself along with its other parts like for a house its walls. Here it will include, walks, deck, parapet and tracks. Hence, the total weight of the bridge is W = mg Total mass (m) = 1215.16 kilogram, g = 9.8 metre/ second2 W = 1215.16 kilogram x 9.8 metre/ second2 = 11908.6 Newton (N) Live Load: This is the load of the bridge together with pedestrians crossing. An average Australian man who is over 18 years weights around 86 kilogram and as for women it is 71 kilogram. 25 people with an average weight of 78.5 at a time crossing the bridge, hence the total mass of the people is 1963 kilogram and weight of 19233 N Hence the total weight of the bridge is 19233