RESEARCH METHODOLOGY TRIMESTER 1, 2017 ASSIGNMENT 1 OUTLINE RESEARCH PROPOSAL COURSE NAME AND COURSE CODE: MASTER OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT S792 FIELD OF RESEARCH: CONSTRUCTION RISK MANAGEMENT SECTION 1. ANNOTED BIBLIOGRAPHY SECTION 1A. ANNOTED BIBIOLOGRAPHY NOTE-TAKING TABLE REFERENCE DETAILS: Author(s): Adeleke, A.Q., Bahaudin, A.Y. and Kamaruddeen, A.M. Year of Publication: 2015 Title of Article, Book, or Chapter in edited Book: A Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS SEM) Preliminary Analysis on Organizational Internal and External Factors Influencing Effective Construction Risk Management among Nigerian Construction Industries. Volume and Issue Number: 38 and 3 Page Numbers: 143-155 “However, in this study effective construction risks management is the dependent (criterion) variable while the independent (predictor) variables are the antecedents of internal organizational factors which are also known as intangible organizational resources in this study such as; (effective communication, team competency and skill, active leadership) conceptualized following.” (p.144) “This study is limited to the organizational stewardship aspect of risk management practices in the construction industry. Therefore, future researchers are charged to investigate the social and economic aspects of risk management practices and empirically validate the proposed model in this study.” (p.152) Construction risks management are usually dependent variables. Social economic aspects of risk management are not assessed. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY Adeleke, A.Q., Bahaudin, A.Y. and Kamaruddeen, A.M., 2015. A Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS SEM) Preliminary Analysis on Organizational Internal and External Factors Influencing Effective Construction Risk Management among Nigerian Construction Industries. Revista Técnica de la Facultad de Ingenieria Universidad del Zulia, vol. 38, no. 3, pp.143-155. Internal and external factors for construction risk management are identified. NOTE-TAKING TABLE REFERENCE DETAILS: Author(s): Dai, C.Q. and Zhao, Z.H. Year of Publication: 2014 Title of Article, Book, or Chapter in edited Book: Construction Risk Analysis of Urban Subway In Broken Rock Strata. Volume and Issue Number: 19 and 1 Page Numbers: 4189-4206 “Comprehensive analysis of the engineering accident, the reasons include severe hydrological and geological factors, but the more factors are feeble risk awareness and lacking risk management.” (p.4190) “The numerical analysis model was established by three major risk factors which were optimized through risk identification to analyze the effect weight of each risk factor and to establish effect weight matrix of each risk factor.” (p.4205) Analysis of engineering accidents is addressed. Three major risk factors are established. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY Dai, C.Q. and Zhao, Z.H., 2014. Construction Risk Analysis of Urban Subway In Broken Rock Strata. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 4189-4206. Risk analysis of broken rock strata in urban subway helps in understanding various geological conditions. NOTE-TAKING TABLE REFERENCE DETAILS: Author(s): Dolage, D.A.R. and Wijesekara, A.L.U.P. Year of Publication: 2016 Title of Article, Book, or Chapter in edited Book: Apportionment and Ranking of Risk Elements in Construction Industry of Sri Lanka-Contractors’ Perspective. Volume and Issue Number: 15 and 142 Page Numbers: 109-116 “Accordingly, the following risk elements are considered to be fully apportioned to the contractor: Shortage of labor, material, tools & equipment Low productivity of labor and equipment due to complexity of work Labor disputes & trade union action Delays due to sub contractors, suppliers and other bodies Difficulty to coordinate with sub contractors Corruption Delayed payment by owner Accidents” (p.112) “The study also revealed the next five most significant risks as follows; Inaccurate and incomplete design, Financial failure resulting from owner and Contractor, Substandard quality of work, Lower productivity of labour & equipment due to complexity of work.” (p.116) Various important risk elements are identified and assessed. Most significant five risks are revealed. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY Dolage, D.A.R. and Wijesekara, A.L.U.P., 2016. Apportionment and Ranking of Risk Elements in Construction Industry of Sri Lanka-Contractors’ Perspective. 6th Interrnational Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction Management, vol. 15, no. 142, pp. 109-116. Risk elements within a construction industry are identified that causes failure of projects. NOTE-TAKING TABLE REFERENCE DETAILS: Author(s): EIDA, A.M. and Pandey, R. Year of Publication: 2015 Title of Article, Book, or Chapter in edited Book: Risk Management in Small Construction Project. Volume and Issue Number: 5 and 13 Page Numbers: 2472-2474 “All projects involve risk – the zero-risk project is not worth pursuing. it is best way to identify the risk and follow a suitable management policy. It not only saves time, cost but also life and future of the country.” (p. 1) “Contracting duration must be specified with adjustment in case of natural calamity. Payment mode to be specified based on progress or duration Specification or Dimension changes to be recorded in register. Disputes and Errors to be solved with record proofs.” (p.3) Zero-risk projects cannot be achieved practically. Duration of contract must be specified for eliminating any confusion regarding project leading to risks. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY EIDA, A.M. and Pandey, R., 2015. Risk Management in Small Construction Project. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technonology Research, vol. 5, no. 13, pp. 2472-2474. Risk management within small construction project is identified and checked for solution. NOTE-TAKING TABLE REFERENCE DETAILS: Author(s): Goh, C.S. and Abdul-Rahman, H. Year of Publication: 2013 Title of Article, Book, or Chapter in edited Book: The identification and management of major risks in the Malaysian construction industry. Volume and Issue Number: 18 and 1 Page Numbers: 19-32 “Risk often varies in the likelihood of its occurrence and its impacts from one project to another and risk changes its nature during the project life cycle” (p.19) “A resistance to change and the satisfaction of contractors with the current management system are believed to be the main contributors to the low level of awareness.” (p.30) Risks are varied in likelihood of its occurrence. Reason for low awareness level is identified. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY Goh, C.S. and Abdul-Rahman, H., 2013. The identification and management of major risks in the Malaysian construction industry. Journal of Construction in Developing Countries, vol. 18, no. 1, pp.19-32. Major risks in construction industries are identified and managed. NOTE-TAKING TABLE REFERENCE DETAILS: Author(s): Kulkarni, A. and Pimplikar, S.S. Year of Publication: 2016 Title of Article, Book, or Chapter in edited Book: Management and Response: A Comparative Study of Occupational Hazards on Construction Sites. Volume and Issue Number: 5 and 6 Page Numbers: 1-9 “In this study ‘The Proportional Risk Assessment (P.R.A.T.) Technique’ [3] and ‘Risk Response Technique’ [5] is used for identification of critical events. Whereas data is analyzed using proportional formula for calculating quantified risk due to hazard and Risk Assessment Tables. [5] The tables help to determine the action required to be taken based on category of impact of risk.”(p.9554) “The risk assessment with the help of Risk Response Technique is easy way to understand and implement. After thorough analysis of risk events and causes of their occurrence, it is important to select appropriate way for mitigation of risk out of the four suggested.” (p.9561) PRAT and risk response techniques are used for identifying risks in projects. Analysis of risk is very difficult and cannot be assessed easily. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY Kulkarni, A. and Pimplikar, S.S., 2016. Risk Management and Response: A Comparative Study of Occupational Hazards on Construction Sites. Risk Management, vol. 5, no. 6, pp.1-9. Occupational hazard in construction site are compared and analyzed in context of risk management. NOTE-TAKING TABLE REFERENCE DETAILS: Author(s): Oladokun, M.G., Adelakun, A.D. and Ashimolowo, D.O. Year of Publication: 2016 Title of Article, Book, or Chapter in edited Book: Evaluation of Construction Risk Management Techniques in Developing Economies: A Case of Nigeria. Volume and Issue Number: 5 and 8 Page Numbers: 1-15 “It has also been stated that risks are inherent and anticipated in construction projects due to its complex and challenging process” (p.2) “It is noted that none of the risk management techniques that are in use is considered to be effective.” (p.11) Due to complexity, often construction projects involve risks. Most of the risk management process are not efficient and does not eliminate risk. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY Oladokun, M.G., Adelakun, A.D. and Ashimolowo, D.O., 2016. Evaluation of Construction Risk Management Techniques in Developing Economies: A Case of Nigeria. PM World Journal, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 1-15. This study proposes research models for improvement of risks management in construction industries of Nigeria. Data collection is done by survey and analyzed by PLS-SEM. It also incorporates few organizational factors. NOTE-TAKING TABLE REFERENCE DETAILS: Author(s): Pawar, C.S., Jain, S.S. and Patil, J.R. Year of Publication: 2015 Title of Article, Book, or Chapter in edited Book: Risk Management in Infrastructure Projects in India. Volume and Issue Number: 2 and 4 Page Numbers: 1-5 “This paper deals with study of the risk management in construction contract and aims to identify the key problems in critical areas of construction project, which have the potential to become major roadblocks in the progress of the project.” (p.172) “The contract documents are used as a tool to manage risk by allocating risks to various agencies through various contracts.” (p.176) Key problems in risk management of construction projects are analyzed. Contract documents helps in management of risks. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY Pawar, C.S., Jain, S.S. and Patil, J.R., 2015. Risk Management in Infrastructure Projects in India. Risk Management, vol. 2 no. 4, pp. 172-176. Due to potential complicacy and risk factors involved, management of construction becomes difficult. Risk assessment provides a significant guiding that is useful during practical application. Risk index and risk grades under various conditions of working are also assessed. NOTE-TAKING TABLE REFERENCE DETAILS: Author(s): Sayari, E., Yaghoobi, M. and Ghanaatpishe, M. Year of Publication: 2014 Title of Article, Book, or Chapter in edited Book: Using Fuzzy Delphi Method in Risk Management (Case Study: Implementation of Fuzzy Delphi Method to Identify Credit Risks in Convert Financial and Credit Institutions into the Bank. Volume and Issue Number: 31 and 5 Page Numbers: 759-766 “Risk is a function that determines the probability and extent of damage in the project” (p.761) “These results suggest that the risk of expert opinion about the ability to estimate is better” (p.766) Extent and probability of damage in project is determined. Expert managers had better do estimation of risk. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY Sayari, E., Yaghoobi, M. and Ghanaatpishe, M., 2014. Using Fuzzy Delphi Method in Risk Management (Case Study: Implementation of Fuzzy Delphi Method to Identify Credit Risks in Convert Financial and Credit Institutions into the Bank. World Appl. Sci. J, vol. 31, no. 5, pp.759-766. Common risk elements are identified and risks are ranked according to their significance. It is found that contractors quote bids higher for covering potential risks. NOTE-TAKING TABLE REFERENCE DETAILS: Author(s): Sharaf, M.M.M. and Abdelwahab, H.T. Year of Publication: 2015 Title of Article, Book, or Chapter in edited Book: Analysis of Risk Factors for Highway Construction Projects in Egypt. Volume and Issue Number: 11 and 1 Page Numbers: 527-523 “Results of this research indicate that the most significant risk factors are delay in making decision and land acquisition.” (p.532) “A fuzzy logic model was developed in order to evaluate project risk. Based on the model, the overall risk in the highway construction projects in Egypt is considered at a medium level and hence needs to deploy the use of proper risk management.” (p.532) Decision and land acquisition are delayed due to risk factors. Fuzzy logic model is used for project risk evaluation. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY Sharaf, M.M.M. and Abdelwahab, H.T., 2015. Analysis of Risk Factors for Highway Construction Projects in Egypt. decision making, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 527-523. Most significant risk factors are identified and risk evaluation is done using MATLAB. NOTE-TAKING TABLE REFERENCE DETAILS: Author(s): Wehbe, F. and Hamzeh, F. Year of Publication: 2013 Title of Article, Book, or Chapter in edited Book: Failure mode and effect analysis as a tool for risk management in construction planning. Volume and Issue Number: 2 and 1 Page Numbers: 481-490 “Meeting schedule, cost, quality, and safety requirements remain the basic performance measures to assess projects.” (p.481) “Making tasks ready is an essential goal of look ahead planning through screening and pulling; different tasks are advanced to weekly work plan and considered as ready for execution after dealing with corresponding constraints and associated risks.” (p.489) Basic performance measure in assessment of projects includes scheduling, quality, costing and requirements of safety. Task readiness is an essential goal for risk mitigation. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY Wehbe, F. and Hamzeh, F., 2013. Failure mode and effect analysis as a tool for risk management in construction planning. In Proceedings for the 21st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction, Fortaleza, Brazil, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 481-490. Inherent risks affect project schedule and cost in an industry. Planning process with ability to risk management is introduced in this paper. NOTE-TAKING TABLE REFERENCE DETAILS: Author(s): Zirape, L.B., Warudkar, A.A. and Scholar, U.G. Year of Publication: 2016 Title of Article, Book, or Chapter in edited Book: Risk Management in Construction Joint Venture Projects in Real Estate. Volume and Issue Number: 6 and 4 Page Numbers: 4541-4544 “Risk management techniques are not so developed in the construction industry and there is need to develop proven techniques, rather than rely on intuitive methods. What are these risks and how can they best be managed? By studying the critical factors that contribute to successful JVs and the risk factors associated with JV operations, it should be possible to identify potential areas of disputes, or high risk factors, early during the planning stage to enable a suitable management response to be formulated to enhance the potential success of JV operations.” (p.4541) “We can identifies the critical risk factors in construction JV projects in real estate, so we can plan for success of JV projects. Helps in conflicts resolution during period of JV. It will help to making decision while choosing or making the JV in real estate. Finding the critical risk factors and mitigating these factors by adopting the effective management and strategies while doing JV.” (p.4544) Risk management techniques are not very efficient and effective for mitigating risks. Risk factors, which are critical needs to be identified. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY Zirape, L.B., Warudkar, A.A. and Scholar, U.G., 2016. Risk Management in Construction Joint Venture Projects in Real Estate. International Journal of Engineering Science, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 4541-4544. Joint ventures project implements a team approach towards mitigation of risks in a construction project.  SECTION 1B. LITERATURE MAP Figure 1: Literature map N.B.: Pink denotes gap of literature SECTION 2. SHORT LITERATURE REVIEW Risk management provides better project performance and enhances productivity. According to Goh and Abdul-Rahman (2013), financial and time risks are major risks, which are found usually in construction industries. This risk causes a serious impact on time, quality and cost of a project. Stages of construction when reaches topmost level of risks within a life cycle of a project, serious efforts, money, time and resources are required. Wehbe and Hamzeh (2013) stated that use of failure mode, effect analysis (FMEA) for planning risk management, control and monitoring is a very effective process for anticipating, and mitigating risks associated to projects. Task readiness is an essential objective of planning a weekly plan and project scheduling which are arranged according to their priority and associated risk. Hence, existing FMEA should be improvised and integrated during planning of construction. One of the four-risk management steps, which are very efficient, is identification of risk. Risk identification is an important step that has been identified using fuzzy Delphi method within three stages of development. In addition, result of hypothesis highlights that using fuzzy Delphi model, is highly precise as it covers uncertainties associated to projects in a better way (Sayari, Yaghoobi and Ghanaatpishe 2014). Potential risk factors and complicated construction projects involves much larger risks associated to it which can only be evaluated through hierarchical analysis theory. Dai and Zhao (2014) commented that associated value of risks and grade of risk under different conditions of working are usually analyzed by engineers and evaluated by project managers to mitigate risks. As per Pawar, Jain and Patil (2015), contract documents are generally used for risk management through risk allocation in different agencies via numerous contracts. Hence, government, clients, contractor and designers usually works in a cooperative manner to identify risks associated to projects. Effective communication has been found to be one of the key factors in risk mitigation from projects. Skills and competency of team also contributes towards success of project execution devoid of any potential risks. Different leadership styles and decision-making ability of a project manger helps to influence environmental variables such as community perception, safety and legal acceptability. Organizational culture, information technology and economy of the firm also help in mitigating project risks (Adeleke, Bahaudin and Kamaruddeen 2015). Project risks can be mitigates using adequate training to labors and engineers that will make them competent in understanding of technical specifications. According to EIDA and Pandey (2015), distance between site of project and resources should be decreased and supervision of construction on site should be enhanced. It should be ensured that all design drawings specifications should be followed and proper grade of construction materials be used to avoid structural failure. Maintenance of record, project audits and checking of work progress should be carried out regularly to avoid risks of project failure in construction and delay of project. In a construction project, risk management involves four phases, which are identification of risk, evaluation of risk and development of solution through proper decision. Studies conducted by Sharaf and Abdelwahab (2015) shows that most important risk factors involve delay in making of decisions and acquisition of land. It is further added by Dolage and Wijesekara (2016) that labor shortage, tools, materials and equipments are other important risk factors. Due to shortage of labor projects is delayed, improper materials such as poorly graded sand and aggregate imparts less structural strength to concrete. Risks in joint venture projects of real estate shows that contract agreement, control-equity among sub-contractors, partners and trainers are useful to mitigate to stop potential failure of real estate projects (Zirape, Warudkar and Scholar 2016). Occupational hazards often occur due to improper risk identification that leads to loss of life, increased cost of project and delay in project completion (Kulkarni and Pimplikar 2016). Finally, few of the techniques that are also found to be efficient in risk management are brainstorming, expected monetary value, monte-carlo simulation and retention. Oladokun, Adelakun and Ashimolowo (2016) commented that these techniques help in analysis, assessment, identifications of risk, evaluation and mitigation with high degree of precision. However, the literature reviewed did not specifically show evidence of assessment of technical and managerial risks on performance of offsite construction. Existing technical and managerial risks are analyzed but not in a quantitative and qualitative manner. Different perspectives from various expert professional personnel like designers, engineers, managers, estimators and quality controller are not questioned and interviewed to share their insight regarding risk assessment. Different risks and their potential impact on life cycle of project are also not evaluated with proper evidence. Finally, recommendations are not made adequately to mitigate possible risk management issues during a construction.  SECTION 3. RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES Aim: The aim of this research is to identify various risks associated to construction projects. It also evaluates the various risk mitigation techniques applied by construction mangers to mitigate risks associated to project. Relevant recommendations are also aimed to be provided to mitigate the potential risks associated to the project. Through assessing different mitigation techniques critically, it will become easier to identify the best possible solution and recommend the solution to mitigate issues. The research is essential as risks if not identified properly causes major projects like dams, bridges, highways, buildings and other structure to fail. In addition, projects are delayed unnecessarily that leads to loss of valuable resources and failure of projects. Delayed projects cause economic loss and as well as occupational hazard, that causes loss of numerous lives. Objectives: The following objectives need to be achieved for attaining the aim of the project: ⦁ To review the literature abundantly regarding various risks associated to construction projects. ⦁ To review the literature abundantly regarding various risk mitigation techniques used by construction managers. ⦁ To review the literature abundantly regarding different potential impact of risks on construction projects, environment, stakeholders and lives of people. ⦁ To search various database, journal articles, online articles, blogs, library and books to collect necessary information on the research topic. ⦁ To conduct a closed ended questionnaire on different personnel associated to construction projects such as labors, designers, engineers, estimators, managers and technicians. ⦁ To assess the impacts of risk in construction projects and its adverse effects causing harm to it. ⦁ To recommend possible potential solution to mitigate risks associated to project.  REFERENCES Adeleke, A.Q., Bahaudin, A.Y. and Kamaruddeen, A.M., 2015. A Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS SEM) Preliminary Analysis on Organizational Internal and External Factors Influencing Effective Construction Risk Management among Nigerian Construction Industries. Revista Técnica de la Facultad de Ingenieria Universidad del Zulia, vol. 38, no. 3, pp.143-155. Dai, C.Q. and Zhao, Z.H., 2014. Construction Risk Analysis of Urban Subway In Broken Rock Strata. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 4189-4206. Dolage, D.A.R. and Wijesekara, A.L.U.P., 2016. Apportionment and Ranking of Risk Elements in Construction Industry of Sri Lanka-Contractors’ Perspective. 6th Interrnational Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction Management, vol. 15, no. 142, pp. 109-116. EIDA, A.M. and Pandey, R., 2015. Risk Management in Small Construction Project. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technonology Research, vol. 5, no. 13, pp. 2472-2474. Goh, C.S. and Abdul-Rahman, H., 2013. The identification and management of major risks in the Malaysian construction industry. Journal of Construction in Developing Countries, vol. 18, no. 1, pp.19-32. Kulkarni, A. and Pimplikar, S.S., 2016. Risk Management and Response: A Comparative Study of Occupational Hazards on Construction Sites. Risk Management, vol. 5, no. 6, pp.1-9. Oladokun, M.G., Adelakun, A.D. and Ashimolowo, D.O., 2016. Evaluation of Construction Risk Management Techniques in Developing Economies: A Case of Nigeria. PM World Journal, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 1-15. Pawar, C.S., Jain, S.S. and Patil, J.R., 2015. Risk Management in Infrastructure Projects in India. Risk Management, vol. 2 no. 4, pp. 172-176. Sayari, E., Yaghoobi, M. and Ghanaatpishe, M., 2014. Using Fuzzy Delphi Method in Risk Management (Case Study: Implementation of Fuzzy Delphi Method to Identify Credit Risks in Convert Financial and Credit Institutions into the Bank. World Appl. Sci. J, vol. 31, no. 5, pp.759-766. Sharaf, M.M.M. and Abdelwahab, H.T., 2015. Analysis of Risk Factors for Highway Construction Projects in Egypt. decision making, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 527-523. Wehbe, F. and Hamzeh, F., 2013. Failure mode and effect analysis as a tool for risk management in construction planning. In Proceedings for the 21st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction, Fortaleza, Brazil, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 481-490. Zirape, L.B., Warudkar, A.A. and Scholar, U.G., 2016. Risk Management in Construction Joint Venture Projects in Real Estate. International Journal of Engineering Science, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 4541-4544.