Project Charter: Pilbara Underground Power Project (PUPP) Introduction Pilbara Underground Power Project is designed to facilitate replacement of overhead electric cables with underground ones; where there are no overheads cables, placement of underground cables would get considered appropriately. The project charter for Pilbara Underground Power Project will examine the advantages of underground electronic transmission over those of overhead to demonstrate the benefits of the project. Also, a plan on how the project will get completed is incorporated in the document. The project charter is critical in providing footprints as how the actual project gets undertaken because it ensures that the project execution get done on time. Another important feature is that roles of each stakeholder in the project are identifiable; it leads to high level of responsibility taken by each participant in actualizing the project, as there is no confusion as to who is supposed to do this or that. What others use of the charter is the budgeting properties; it provides stakeholders with the plan of raising funds to run the project. The feature is very relevant as fund ensures the quality of service is at the highest level. Objectives The primary objective of the lower the cost of installing and maintaining electricity; as mentioned earlier, the use of use of the power cables will involve no poles of concrete, metal, or even the woods. The cost of damage brought about by natural phenomena is lessened by the use when compared to overhead power. The other objectives include land conversation, and consequently promoting the lives of individuals through the enhanced green environment. Background According to Friedrich Kiessling (2010; p. 589), electric poles used in Australia use the poles made of wood, concrete or steel. Such materials are very costly to the people of Australia regarding both socially and economically. On the other hand, the use of compact and guyed structures is very expensive and contributes to waste of space. Kiessling (2010; p. 589) points out the artistic designs utilized in the transmission of electricity in Australia, and the most prominent designs include the use of U-frame Structures, egg-shaped or even the rocket like supporters of power lines. Such plans are good when it comes to Australia’s aesthetics. On the other hand, economic and social constraint facing the people of Australia does not favor the use of such expensive design, and it calls for finding other cheaper means for transmitting current from one point to another. Environmental costs are substantially brought about by mining activities to support infrastructural development in Australia. Minerals mined in Australia are diverse; the particular crystal clear connected to overhead power lines is the Nu-Rock, and metal and the. Such metals account for some levels of environmental degradation in Australia and its environment. The need to eliminate such issues is to reduce the mining activities as necessitated by overhead power lines. The Nu-rock get used in the making cement, (International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Materials and Jin, 2012) which is in turn used in the making concrete poles; the metal gets utilized in the proving support to the structures. The levels at which the power lines provide support to the Tree cutting is as mentioned earlier degrades the environment through encouraging global warming (Lerner and Pierre, 2009). The number of trees used in the process determines the extent to which vegetation cover gets realized. Every tree cut contribute to the scope of environment degradation, and that includes soil erosion; fertile soils are driven into water bodies through runoff water during the rains, rendering the soil infertile to support farming and other ecosystems. Such consequences of pollution brought about cutting trees for poles do not only end with poor support for vegetation growth but also the disruption of ecosystem leading to the death of animals and food shortages among humans. Australia is compelled to import food and other necessities to support the lives of Australians. The use of underground cables is very significant as an environmental conservation measure. The reasons as to why underground cable placements in both Karratha and Roebourne are important are because power lines are susceptible to outages high wind thunderstorms. According to Marlon Henkel (2009; p. 131), lighting is a major factor leading to the collapse of the power lines, causing power blackouts. Another significant effect of overhead cables realized by Henkel (2009; p. 131-132) are the risks of fire. Both trees and power lines are subjects to an intensive examination when being installed. When trees get directly connected to the power non-insulated lines, they can ignite to cause accidents such as fires. Such fires can cause severe damage to both public and private properties. Such problems associated with fires and power blackouts due to overhead power do not get realized in the underground power. Another factor that is crucial in the process of eliminating risks of overhead electricity as a result of heavy snows and ice storms. According to Beaty and Donald (2012), ice storms are not the only factors affecting suspended power lines in Australia, other factors such as the winds are a factor that leads to power outages includes the wind and the rain, which sweeps away the poles when floods are there. The need to ensure that maintenance of authority line is, therefore, cheaper through the installation of the underground electricity. Since not every individual in Pilbara electricity; those who are building new homes or the ones expanding them stand a high chance of gaining power through cheaper and reliable means brought about by setting up of the underground electric power transmissions. Also, the time set for installing electric power is shorter due to fewer requirements than those found in the overhead cables. Employment is another factor that the project covers, and it is undisputable that Australia like any other western countries gets faced with unemployment issues. The fact Pilbara Underground Power Project provides employment to the Australian residents is also a fact that cannot get ignored. It is the main reason that draws the attention of the government and the city to support the project. According to Australian Long-term Unemployment Conference and the Association for Sustainability in Business (2015), an initiative like the project under consideration is very critical in ensuring that unemployment rate gets reduced. From the discussion above, it is evident that underground cables facilitate the development of a green environment where mining to get the resources or cutting down of trees is minimized, and thus gives the politicians and the government at large with opportunities to conserve the environment. Through the success of the project, the government is likely to adopt the methods as a cheaper way of distributing power to people across Australia, and such makes the project critical. Suppose the government replicates the project in others areas, it means that the people of Australia get provided with affordable electricity. The state will get an opportunity to apply low cost due to forgone iron, wood or concrete materials. The money spared can get incorporated into other development areas that require development, meaning that the project supports the economic development of the whole Australia, as opposed to the energy sector. Time gets saved when underground cables gets installed, and such gets highly contributed by the minimum purchase of materials needed for the project; it is crystal clear that poles do not require in the underground cables. The time spent to buy, transport and to set up the cement or wooden poles is not needed as wires get placed down in entrenches. There machines that get designed dig trenches and such activities mean that most of the project is mechanized. Through time saved by underground electrical lines; it means that people will be able to realize benefits of the power lines, for instance, the cost of repairing cables due to fires and hail storms will no longer be a problem. Project drivers Leadership The project has the potential to succeed when some managerial practices are employed. Many administrative problems affect the way people work in the course of the project implementation. The employees can work when there are clear administrative guidelines to cater for workers’ risk and proper compensations. During project execution methods of management shall get incorporated to see that the project is successful. The theories that will get applied where necessary includes the behavioral, charismatic, transformational and the transactional theory. In the behavioral theory of leadership, the central underlying assumption is that leaders get made not born (Pendleton and Furnham, 2016). In the management of the Pilbara Underground Power Project, the idea of employing workers pines to the fundamental assumption of the behavioral theory of leadership, and that is hiring trained professions. For instance, the manager should be well knowledgeable with the highest level of academic qualification. The engineers should be graduates and have a minimum of at least two years of work experience in the wiring. The casual labors should get well equipped with handling skills. Since their knowledge of the power supply is not high, they are required to be social and good listeners, given that they follow directives of their respective engineers. With regards to the charismatic leadership, the employees are expected to demonstrate very high levels of respect for their leader and not merely because they are subjects (Worden and Worden, 2013). The social bond that binds individuals together at work is imperative for the success of the project. People should not be forced to work in the organization or even to be subjects of any personnel. For example, when casual laborers refuse to work with their engineers, they are supposed to get fired and not forced by their respective bosses. Transactional model is very critical throughout the project, and it is like so because workers get given the opportunity to show how productive they are. Those who deliver mores should get bonuses according to their separate work. The ones facing fines are supposed to get fines in their incomes. Such reward and punishment are expected to keep workers on track. Money rewards are not the only form of encouragement that employees need. Employees also get motivated with gestures such as assembling workers, calling out the best and clapping for them, just to encourage healthy competition. The use of transformational approach get best realized when employees get provided with the adequate connection between the manager, engineers, and the labour force at large (Khurana and Nohria, 2010). The main idea behind the link is to cut down the levels of bureaucracy. It gets well realised when the managers address individuals at the bottom levels through sharing insights as to how the project ought to get conducted for maximum impact. In simple terms, the managers transcend his or her self-interest to his subjects; by doing so, the team gets integrated towards performing a particular task, which later translates to increased outcomes. Sustainability The government’s need to ensure that the projects sustain the environment is one of the factors that the government takes an interest in when it comes to funding and authorizing. The acceptance of the project is also highly attributed to its nature to conserve the environment. People are supportive of the project because it sustains environment (Preston, 2016). Innovation From the methods used in collecting funds to the way activities get done in the project, it shows that there is a high level of innovativeness. The project charter is unique and feasible, meaning that actualizing the outcomes is one of the strengths of the organization. Through professionals such as the manager and engineers, the project is likely to integrate innovative ideas in the course of the project. An example of one of the finest designs is the use of knowledge to determine how power will get transmitted across water bodies such as rivers or streams. Innovation is imperative in the stages of program development. One it ensures that various stages of program do not get stalled due to difficulties incurred in the process. Training Training is essential in the execution of different stages of the Pilbara Underground Power Project. The engineers together with other workers need to know the goals of the project, both the long-term and the short-term goals. The need to ensure that those employees are aware of what gets required of them is adequate training at various stages of the project. Training does not only ensure that the project is successful but also guarantees that the individual provides services of the highest quality (Polachek and Tatsiramos, 2010). It is through training that people would gain knowledge of facing their current predicaments. Training programs will get managed through hiring experienced personnel in the activities involved in underground electricity. Workshops and seminars are very crucial in the process of sharpening the skills of the employees. Safety Safety during and after project completion is inevitable; problems brought about by overheads cables including fires, outages due to power failures are never present. For instance, when there are no power failures due to hailstones as a result of underground power installation, it means security lights, as well as street cameras, get to operate entirely. When setting up underground electric cables, there are fewer chances of industrial accidents compared to those experienced in overhead power lines. For instance, one does not need to use ladders or clippers t while working. The ladders and clippers can cause one to fall, if the poles are high, they can make cause serious injuries to individuals. That is not the case for the for underground cable work. Cost Force Without the funds, the project stands no chances of succeeding. It is through the hiring of skilled employees together with the purchase of other useful equipment is very necessary for actualizing the full intentions of the project. The more the project costs, the more the returns are expected to come from the project. Government forces The government is entirely responsible for providing legislatures to which the project finds its authority. Suppose the laws get bent by parliament to favour the project; it means that more support from the government will increase. When the state fails to recognize the project, every plan of the project gets doomed to succeed, as it would get termed as illegal. Another import aspect of the government is its ability to fund development programs. In the project, the 25 percent of the funds is expected to come from the government as an incentive to support the distribution of power. The duties of the government dictate the levels to which the project realizes it both long term and short term goals. Market Forces Market forces encourage both tangible and intangible goods that provide maximum utility to the people. When the cost of the underground gets compared to that of overhead, it is evident that underground electricity has the most utility would come from underground transmission of the power. Suppose marginal utility of the underground power is below that of overhead, the support of the project by the states and people of Pilbara are never bound to exist. Expertises It through the contribution of professionalism that the project finds its success; the academic qualifications together with years of experience ensures that projects are successful. Professionals who will work for the organisation are highly skilled, meaning that challenges facing the organization get properly handled. Also, the risks involved in executing their roles are paramount in ensuring that they can evade chances of industrial accidents among others. High-Level Issues Unidentified Goals Suppose the aims of the project did not get clearly identified, the project team may suffer losses of not realizing the project’s intentions. The lack agreement on set goals can lead problems of improper management of the project. For proper management of the goals, there is need to establish clear goals from the initial stage of the project. Scope Changes Deviation from the current set objectives is the real problems behind scope changes and requires management to adapt to the demands of the new targets. The need to shift to new requirements and object may make managers decide on a new budget, deadline or new employees that get equipped enough to take the organization towards the new level of success set. Industrial Accidents Industrial accidents are problems that come by as a result of accidents while employees are on duty. Safety measures that enhance the available process that provides workers with adequate signs on how to handle equipment are very necessary for avoiding injuries during work time hours. He levels to which managers provide workers with an appropriate education is needed in assuring that employees know how to handle themselves in the case of emergencies. Inadequate Skill for the Project At times, the project manager may employ professionals who look promising with their set of skills and knowledge, only to discover that the employees are overburdened with new emerging challenges. The need to ensure workers get facilitated enough to manage newly emerging challenges is to form a liaison with other companies; it should purposely serve as a consultation forum whereby problems solving methods are solved. Keeping the employees informed on the current trend of information is essential in handling current obstacles. Lack of Accountability The team members like any other people are prone to fraudulent activities and require the managers to set out some guidelines to ensure that workers get facilitated with sufficient rules that protect others from answering the problems that are not theirs. Through transactional leadership, those who do well should get rewards and those who do bad get some form of punishment. Such measures ensure that workers are responsible enough to prevent the project from halting. Improper Risk Management Projects are at times far from the set goals which means; it means that proper management of project through is essential in handling imminent hazards. Education can serve as a useful tool in the administration of risks. Training should get done thoroughly, and management of the project should make sure that every worker has a relevant set of skills to deal with the risks. Improper Communication Communication is vital in providing labourers with appropriate morale. The needs to ensure that employees get facilitated with proper roles get done through accurate methods of communication. Communication should get enhanced through handling of managerial duties. The need to make sure that employees get provided with good feedback from their evaluation is imperative. High-Level Metrics Employee Satisfaction Score When employees vouch for the management through surveys is crucial in gauging the levels at which workers are satisfied. When workers contend with the way the managers carry out their duty, it means they workers mirror the expectations of managers, and that means they are willing to do more than they get expected. Through satisfaction, employees are not obligated to neglect any duty as per their planned schedules. Productivity Metrics Once, the project is complete, the ratio of monitor returns to those of the costs are supposed to indicate how viable the project is. A good productivity ratio gets represented by a figure which has a ratio of benefits being more than one (Kerzner, 2015). A cost-benefit analysis is paramount is very significant at this establishing productivity rate. Scope Pilbara Underground Power Project needs to get actualized to provide electricity services that provide higher utility than the above methods. Cost 75 Million Dollars is the cost of the project. 50 Million Comes from property owners in both Karratha and Robourne; the other 25 will come from the government. The funds are supposed to be sufficient enough to support the purchase of equipment and the necessary materials for the execution of the project. Also, the salary of the employees gets covered in the 75 Million dollars budget for the project. People The stakeholders of includes the residents or the property owners in both Karratha and Roebourne. The people shall contribute 50 Million Dollars of the funds needed to complete the project. The payment by property owners gets done through sending cash deposits, bank cheques. The cheques should get mailed together with a remittance advice. The sitting Member of Parliament (MP), he or she is to serve as the government representative in the execution of the project. Through Pilbara’s Member of Parliament, the organization is to receive the other 25 Million Dollars to facilitate the funding of the program. The Sitting Member of Parliament is also responsible for seeing that the project succeeds; they are the watchdogs of the project from the start to the end. Suppose they find out something is wrong, they get charged with the responsibility of alerting the relevant authority. The overall Manager of the PUPP has the responsibility of ensuring that the project activities get followed to the letter. They are also responsible for hiring and firing workers during the program activities. The human resource manager oversees and implements change management programs; collect feedback, assessment results, and all other data regarding change management. Also, he or she is responsible for providing a report to general or rather the overall managers on implementation of significant changes as well as overseas recruitment. Ten electrical engineers would be responsible for the wiring activities; they are also responsible for deciding what to inputs are needed to ensure that the projects are successful. The other role of the engineers is to supervise the casual laborers; they ensure casual workers maximize their efforts towards achieving the organizational goals. 20 Casual workers are there to support engineers in their roles, for instance, they carry tools and equipment as per builders’ instructions. They since they only use their muscle in most of their activities, they are subjects to the engineers; each engineer is required to have two casual laborers. Dependencies Mandatory Dependencies The engineers cannot operate without the directives of the managers. It is the duty of the manager to provide the engineers with schedules. It is the responsibility of the manager to hire each casual labour and assign them, respective engineer, to assist. On the other hand, casual labourers do not work without the supervision from their assigned engineers. But they can do as the manager suggests them to do, so long as they are operating within the requirement of the employment contract. External Dependency The trade unions are among the bodies that are responsible for none project activities; they are critical because they affect the project activities, though they are not involved in the running of the project. Another external dependency gets also realised when property owners provide funds to the organization; just like the government, they are not involved with executing project activities. Internal Dependency Internal dependencies get achieved when engineers together with their subjects do work, and the manager evaluates their performances to establish their strengths and weakness. When engineers are on duty, they observe how workers are supposed to get managed regarding following the orders they get given. Supposed they are found inappropriate, the manager gets the report and decides the fate of manual labourer(s) of concerned. Initiatives which depends on the project Initiatives that would benefit from the use of underground power cable include: Pilbara health Initiative Emergency Response The Action Plan Guide Energy Saving Initiative The Heritage and Creativity Boost for Roebourne Strategic Benefits Quantifiable Benefits Reduced Cost of Power Installation When the use of underground power lines get enhanced, there get reduced the cost of installing electricity, and such resonates from the fact that the cost of buying and transporting poles and tools such as ladders get avoided. Also, the designers have eliminated during the execution the project. Additional Revenue After utilization of the project, there are high chances that the project is likely to result in increased revenue through new electricity consumers brought about by Pilbara’s adoption of the underground power project. Lower cost of Maintenance The use of groundwater is less susceptible to the weather conditions, and that makes it when it cost less when it comes to maintenance costs. When others are repairing overhead cables destroyed by hailstorms or broken poles, those using underground cable do not require paying the extra money to cover such damages. Non-quantifiable Benefits It is easy to install It does not require complex designs like in the case of the overheads cables; there it translates that it is less tiresome when workers are managing it. The approach is less prone to industrial accidents It means that workers encounter fewer risks when it comes to installation when compared with that of overheads. Reduced risks signify that damages that result from both the employee accidents or faulty equipment are less in the case of underground power lines. Potential Costs Like any other project, the management must cater for the insurance cover for all the permanent workers. One of the main reasons that the come employs casual labourer is to reduce the cost that would get incurred when covering for the many employees. Such details are very relevant in ensuring the project does not collapse in case of high cost of running when workers are having multiple issues, especially those that are not even connected to work. Due to unpredictable challenges in the course of the project, there may be problems that drive the organisation to spend significant sums of money to educate workers on some key areas that need addressing. Therefore it is important for the managers to ensure employees have opportunities for self-development; it would help them to gain extra knowledge, and such may be handy when it comes to handling issues that required highly skilled experts. Personal development opportunities may be given in the form of time offs, leaves or part-timing. Through such activities workers should get encouraged to learn things that would benefit the organization among others. It is imperative that the workers work as one; suppose there are divisions in work due to social issues such as discrimination among workers by race or gender, employees’ productivity is likely to decline. It is, therefore, important that employees should get encouraged on the best ways that they find themselves working in harmony for the sake of jail attainment. Social cohesion is, therefore, necessary because some workers are good at specific areas, meaning they can assist a great deal when they can. The level at which the project’s management can lead to increase social cohesion is through recognizing teamwork by rewarding them for their concrete achievements. Timescales to develop the stage 1 Business case Step one of developing a business case involves five phases as shown in table one below. During the initial stage to develop the project, there is need to ensure that project development processes are adequately staged to facilitate the project ideas. At this stage, the problem gets identified. An issue that has the most felt needs get addressed. Immediately after problem identification is through, the next phase follows, and that is defining goals of the project. The second step requires differentiation of long-term and short-term goals. The more goals get clearly defined; the likely is the plan to succeed. The third phase is measuring goals; the goal measuring process ensures that goals are realistic, which translates to the feasibility of the project. The fourth stage is the doing a cost-benefit analysis. Cost-benefit analysis is all about identifying the ratio of total benefits to the total costs. Such a period is very critical in developing business case since it determines whether the program is practical or rather impractical. Typically, projects get termed viable when benefits exceed the cost. During the cost-benefit analysis period, the weakness and strengths of the business are also carried out. It is the Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and the threats (SWOT) analysis facilitate the management with areas of the project plan that needs amending. The final phase of the stage one business cases closes when the project plan gets modified to make it more promising. Table 1: Timescale to Develop Stage one business Case Start End Phases 1st February 2018 1st March 2018 Project Begins 2nd March 2018 16th March 2018 Goals are Defined 17th March 2018 30th March 2018 Goals are Measured 1st April 2018 14th April 2018 Cost Benefit Analysis Is Carried Out 15th April 2018 30th April 2018 Adjustments get done to the plan with regards to the areas Needing Improvements Source Author, Table 1: Timescale to Develop Stage one business Case Risks of not doing the Project Increase in disasters As mentioned earlier, overhead power line can cause some fires through frictions with trees and other natural plantations. Failure to implement underground power lines means that fires are dangers likely to destroy trees, personal properties, and ecosystems. Fires are known to cause disasters as they are very destructive. High-Cost Installing Overhead Power Lines When overhead power line get installed at the expense of the underground electricity supply, it means more people are compelled to pay more than they should, just because overhead cable requires pole and designing skills. Such activities are not present in the underground power lines, which mean people would be undergoing costs that are inappropriate. Power Outages Lack reliable electrical energy can lead to losses among business people, simply because the overhead power lines are highly susceptible to weather conditions such as the winds and hail storms. Some loss may get experienced in processing factories; they rely on electricity for almost all the operations. Also, medical may fail to deliver care accordingly due to the failure of the power blackouts; loss of lives may get realised with the failure of hospital machines that supports the critically ill patients. High Cost of Maintaining Power Supply Through the destroyed poles, consumers are required to replace the broken one with new poles. Such activities consume time, labour and money in general. Such sums of money would not be present with the introduction of underground power lines. Environmental Degradation It is evident that there is plenty of damages done to the Australian ecosystems when trees are cut to retrieve poles that support overheads power. The cutting of trees gets usually viewed as means through which useful trees get eliminated; as a result global warming comes to is made worse. Trees are known for their beneficial effects of managing carbon dioxide, and that is why they should not get cut. Also, not all poles get made from wood. There are those that are made of concrete and iron, meaning that overhead head power promotes mining. Mining activities render arable land to be unproductive. It is through mining that vegetation cover get destroyed, thus exposing the soil to agents of pollution (wind and water). The Risks of Doing the Project Accidents Although workers are not susceptible to falling like in the case of the overhead power line, they are at risks of industrial accidents brought about by poor communication strategies. One of the dangers that workers are most likely to encounter includes the electrocution, and when high voltages get used, it can cause death. Project may fail to get realised due to poorly defined goals It is through proper sets of goals makes the project realizable. Instances that lead the project to its doom is a lack of unity in setting up the goals underlying the project. Such divisions among workers on the set goals are a responsible lack of accountability of the project. It may be difficult to break the monotony of the Pilbara people People does not pose the knowledge concerning the benefits of the underground power lines; lack of awareness cause stakeholders to reject the project. The best way to cope up such a rejection risks is continuous education to the people of Pilbara on the importance of underground power. It is helpful; useful insights get achieved. People are not only supposed to learn advantages of the project; they are expected to have an explanation as to why the project plans intend to spend the money it has already. Stakeholder Analysis The stakeholders of the project include the residents of Pilbara, the employees in the project and the government. Each of the stakeholders has a unique attachment to the project, and it translates that they experience different levels benefits. The project is intended for the people of Pilbara; it means they gain most or the project’s benefits. The people of Pilbara include property owner tenants among others. The program involves wiring underground electricity either in public or private facilities, and it means that the benefit from the project is non-discriminatory. For instance, everyone can enjoy services provided by public schools and hospitals. Such medical facilities rely on the transmissions done through the underground power. Property owners are only supposed to contribute 50 million dollars. With the amount, they expect to save a big portion of funds used to maintain the cost of running the project. The other stakeholder is the government. Through taxation of the product electricity, it is expected to increase its revenues. The cost of the government in the establishment of the project is 25million dollars which mean it has a lifetime income generated from the current and upcoming property owners together with the residents. Employees get rewarded with salaries for the work they contribute. Al the three categories of stakeholders, therefore, need to support the project for it to succeed. Table 2: Stakeholder Analysis Matrix Stake Holder Influence Benefits Level of Influence The Residents of Pilbara Funding 50 million dollars Low-level power outages Enhanced ecosystem natural resources Very High The Government Funding 25 million dollars Increased revenue from taxes High The Employees Provides Labour Economic empowerment through salary awarded Very High Source author, Table 2: Stakeholder Analysis Matrix Project Communication Plan Communication should be pure planned by the overall manager. Communication to all employees involves the use of any available medium that facilitates either direct or indirect contact with the workers and the overall director. There is the very significant event of the project are mandatory throughout the life of the project. For instance, the dates to meet again, and time work education through workshops and seminars. The need to establish a communication plan is to inform employees on what activities that they should get engaged in, for the success of the project. In the table below is a communication whereby first phase the Human resource manager (HRM) gets officially communicated to by the managers first; it because the HRM is in charge of supervising all the other workers. It is through the effort of the HRM and the overall manager that determines how labour force is productive. Table 3, Communication Plan Methods of Communication Time Recipients Means Memo 16th March 2018 Human resource manager Email Social media (tweeter and Skype), and phone call Memo 30th March 2018 All members Noticeboard Memo 14th April 2018 All members Email, Noticeboard Newsletter 30th April 2018 All members Email, Noticeboard  References Australian Long-term Unemployment Conference, & Association for Sustainability in Business. (2015). Australian Long-term Unemployment Conference. 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