Part 1
1. Introduction
Recycling saves power reduces raw cloth extraction and combats climate change. The substantial majority of studies have found that recycling our garbage is higher for the environment in preference to incinerating or landfilling it. Friends of the Earth have long campaigned for multiplied recycling and more currently for law requiring better doorstep recycling collections. Most families now have curbside collections of recycling and the wide variety of different substances normal is growing. (Arcadis. 2010) But there's still a huge potential for councils to improve collection schemes and maximize the advantages recycling gives us, by implementing the great exercise outlined on this briefing.
Recycling reduces the need for uncooked materials consisting of metals, forests and oil and so reduces our effect at the environment. The level of our consumption within the United Kingdom is already having a substantial impact at the environment and groups the world over, and we’re eating an increasing quantity of uncooked substances. (Herczeg, M. 2010)
Extracting virgin substances is a key cause of world habitat loss. For example, demand for paper and cardboard is threatening historical woodlands. Virgin materials want to be delicate and processed to create merchandise, requiring full-size quantities of energy and the usage of polluting chemical substances in addition causing the destruction of habitats. (Hall, et al. 2009) For example, making one tone of aluminium desires four tons of chemicals and 8 tons of bauxite (the mineral ore), and it takes ninety five per cent less energy1 to make a recycled aluminium can than it does to make one from virgin materials. On top of substances wanted, the creation of waste slag and the big regions of land required for industrial smelting motive tremendous environmental troubles.
2. Literature Review
Every year eleven.2 billion tons of stable waste are gathered international (UNEP 2011). In upcoming years the quantity of collected waste will keep to boom collectively with growing populace, an urbanization price, normal economic and GDP/GNI in line with capita increase, an boom in manufacturing and intake, and modifications in a consumption pattern. Furthermore, the state-of-the-art international bank document predicts that annual global strong waste control charges will boom from USD 205.4 billion to about USD 375.Five billion by means of 2025 (Bade Tata 2012). However, there's a high-quality aspect to this waste its large financial capability. Today the sector waste marketplace, from collection to recycling, is anticipated at USD 410 billion a year, now not, which include the widespread casual section in developing international locations (UNEP 2011). (Hall, et al. 2009)
In step with the Eurostat records, the ECU Union on my own generates approximately three billion tons of waste yearly, and because of the OECD projections by 2020, this quantity will growth by way of 45 % in evaluation to 1995 (European commission 2013b). Such a amount of waste and its complexity no longer handiest have a full-size detrimental environmental impact, causing pollutants, greenhouse gas emissions, and posing threats to human health, however also wastes a huge quantity of cloth and energy resources (EU commission 2010; EEA 2013b).
The ECU Union’s approach to waste control is primarily based on the following principles:
⦁ Waste prevention that is closely related with enhancing manufacturing methods and influencing clients to call for greener merchandise and much less packaging.
⦁ Recycling and reuse as an alternative to waste prevention in instances when it isn't viable.
⦁ Improvement of very last disposal and monitoring because the final choice, where waste is competently incinerated or landfilled (ECU fee 2013b)
Notably depending on imported raw materials, Europe, in its lengthy-term desires and strategies strives to reduce the quantity of waste generated by means of improving its useful resource performance through recycling, heading off waste and the use of unavoidable waste as a resource wherever it feasible (EU fee 2010).
Waste prevention has been identified as one of the pinnacle priorities in the EU’s sixth surroundings movement Programmed (European fee 2013b) in addition to inside the inspiration of the EU fee for the seventh surroundings motion seasoned- gram me and the Roadmap to a useful resource efficient Europe (EEA 2013a).
3. Framework
In evolved countries, aside from 35-45% of wastes, all final components are recycled returned to economy. For example, the role of recycling turns into extra distinguished while increase in the want for raw material in EU that's parallel to our country, and European’s dependencies at the import of raw material are taken into consideration. European economy is frequently depending on aid consumption. And 2020 predictions advocate that useful resource consumptions will retain to upward push in EU. (Herczeg, M. 2010) Essential components of useful resource consumption in ECU are monetary increase, technologic trends and changing consumption and manufacturing behaviour. Nearly one in third of assets, which might be utilized in ECU turn out to be waste and emission, Resource intake is growing within the different parts of the arena as properly. That is caused by an increase in product and service consumption. Excessive resource intake places a stress on surroundings all over the world. (Hall, et al. 2009) Amongst these pressures; walking out of non-renewable assets, excessive utilization of renewable resources, high emission to water, air and earth due to transportation and mining sports, and high waste production which is affecting ecosystems negatively (country wide Recycling approach file and action Plan, 2014-2020).
To use waste paper because the raw fabric in the production of paper is going manner returned to antique centuries but especially in the final years its quantity and precent has elevated relatively. The motives mendacity in the back of this is as follows (İmamoğlu et al. 2005)
⦁ Woodland sources are more and more insufficient in imparting the call for raw cloth
⦁ the burden of inert waste in cities that is simply hard to smash has been growing
⦁ Waste paper technologies have evolved
⦁ the recognition among purchasers have multiplied
⦁ new legal obligations about the usage of recycled paper usage
⦁ extensive scale recycling tasks are actually economically viable
Global paper production and consumption: according to 2009 records, paper manufacturing in the global is sort of 370,7 million lots. In step with united international locations food and Agriculture corporation facts, paper manufacturing is forty-one, 7% in Asia, 27,4% in Europe and 22,8% in North the USA. (Lipinski, B. et al 2013) Whilst we look at the share of countries in paper production, China is the largest paper producer in the international with 24%. USA is the second one with seventy-one, 6 million heaps. The followers are Japan with 26,three million lots, Germany with 20,9 million lots, Canada with 12,eight million tons, Sweden with 10,nine million tons, Finland with 10,6 million lots, and South Korea with 10,five million heaps.
Western countries increase packing regulations and standards to reduce wastes and inspire recycling paper. First regulation on this challenge “green factor” took impact in 1 January 1993 underneath “German Packing regulation”. Starting from this date, it's far required to collect and method all applications in Germany. Inexperienced factor is a sign, which shows that the product is ecologically ok. Inexperienced factor at the package of product tells to the customer that this bundle may be reused or recycled. Any exporter that sells packaged products to Germany has to assure that the package deal of the product may be dispatched lower back. In the event that they cannot provide that, they should have a deal with corporations that gather packages and get a green factor licensed.
Importance and blessings of Recycling Paper Waste:
In his article approximately the significance of restoration of waste paper, Eroğlu states that the importance of recovery of waste paper is explained from the perceptive of environment, forestry, electricity saving, uncooked fabric resources and chemical fabric saving. Moreover, he said that waste paper collection charge is ready 30% and because waste paper is not dissolved in its supply, it'll create problems approximately best and environment (1993)
Inside the hierarchy of waste management, the number one priority is to save you waste within the time of manufacturing and to lessen the quantity and danger degree waste. To reuse, recycle and recover by using generating energy are on the secondary priority level.
If wastes are not viable to be recycled, to burn the waste without detrimental the environment or to be stocked properly is the final stage precedence.
It isn't always feasible to absolutely fulfil the want for uncooked cloth solely via recycling. But recycling performs an essential function in green economy while the growing recycling market and its economic and environmental effects are taken into account.
The simple findings about the region of recycling in the inexperienced economy and financial benefits that ECU were given from recycling are as follows (country wide Recycling approach file and movement Plan, 2014-2020) (Lipinski, B. et al 2013)
⦁ the earning from recycling were growing
⦁ developing Asia economy and ECU directives had been growing recycling in Europe
⦁ Recycling creates more employment compared to burning and stocking
4. Governess
Case take a look at changed into applied to a waste paper production facility. They've one paper device (PM) that may offer employment for one hundred eighty people on common. The paper device is a VOITH product that's one of the main corporations inside the world and made in Germany. Production width is net 320 cm, forty-a hundred and forty gr/ m and six hundred-800 m/min manufacturing capability is one hundred.000 heaps in keeping with yr.
After size of the production facility, sufficiency stage of infrastructure, specifications of paper gadget, renewal investments made to the paper system are taken into consideration, paper system works one year a year (consisting of public vacations), three shifts in keeping with day. 80.000 lots of Fluting bobbin paper and 30000 heaps of Test liner bobbin paper could be produced, through processing a hundred twenty five.000 tons of waste paper. On average 10% (15.000 heaps) waste paper could be back to production line as waste product because of outage and manufacturing defects.
The real production ability is 85.694.882 Kg of Flutıng, 19.305.851 Kg of Test liner, one zero five.000.733 Kg in overall consistent with 2013 records. Recycling is to make use of used products in manufacturing of recent products. Material is regained without saving the original circumstance of used product. (Arcadis. 2010) With recycling, used products benefit economic value again (Şengül, 2010) The interest for collecting waste paper and recycling them to be used in paper manufacturing has been increasing globally. Poor exchange in ecologic balance in the ultimate years due to deforestation with the intention to produce paper has a chief impact on this increased hobby for recycling. Moreover, more attention stage about environment and newly located scientific findings, which suggests that cellulose may be used oftentimes to produce paper, resulted on this better stage of interest in recycling (Şahin, 2013). Recycling is a method that's carried out to wastes that can't be used once more or whose formation cannot be prevented. In the waste avoidance and management statute and policy, hierarchy of wastes is expressed as follows countrywide Recycling strategy file and action Plan, 2014- 2020.
5. Conclusion
Paper manufacturing, which changed into predicted to fall with the advancement of technology, is now a part of everyday life for various functions and its usage has been nonetheless increasing. In this examine, manufacturing prices in paper recycling facilities and their weights inside the general costs are evaluated and the factors that recycling facilities ought to take note of are underlined. Uncooked material makes 445% of the prices in recycling facilities. (Lipinski, B. et al 2013) While corporations gather uncooked material, they have to function with the most effective stock stage. Companies should be careful waste paper fees and waste paper marketplace.
In recycling centers where the ratio of energy among all expenses is already high, if the machines can't perform because of loss of deliver of raw fabric, electricity price will growth even greater. For this reason, firms need to select the raw material source well and must audit if vital in an effort to minimize manufacturing costs. The company will benefit from decreased preferred manufacturing fees. (Lipinski, B. et al 2013)
In keeping with the result of the look at, in recycling facilities, uncooked cloth expenses make 43% of overall charges. Moreover, chemical compounds, which are used to sort wastes, make 8% of general fees that's a high ratio.
A complete literature evaluates of the characteristics and uses of paper mill sludge changed into evolved. That is an vital topic due to the fact waste handling is a difficulty in all pulp and paper mills. It's miles particularly essential in turbines wherein secondary fibre is used. Sludge composition, separation, treatment, and disposal methods want to be addressed. This work explored the composition of sludge as a consequence of the pulp and papermaking process and in comparison secondary fibre and virgin fibre operations. The residue from separate operations changed into characterized, indicating the composition of the diverse waste streams inside the mill. Alternative disposal methods have been discussed in reference to these traits. The conclusion of the evaluation changed into that the final sludge use could be primarily based on its characterization, ensuing in more green use of the residue.
Part 2
Introduction
The paper recycling project mainly include the business plan of converting the used and waste paper into the reusable paper and other paper related products like paper bags, gift paper, tissue paper, and note book. According to the latest Australian technology in the waste paper recycling plant, each year 80,000 tonnes of waste paper can be diverted for recycling process.Interestingly, according to research work of Zamanet al. (2014), it is found that more than 13 trees can be saved from one tonne recycled paper and hence the paper recycling project is not only helpful in reducing the waste, but is also potent to fulfil the objective related to the eco-friendly sustainable approach. The major processes included in the paper recycling process are pulping, screening, centrifugal cleaning, dispersion, washing, bleaching and dissolved in air floatation. Particularly, in Australia, the recycling of paper and cardboard is governed primarily by three major companies like Amcor, Norke Skog and Visy. The raw material generated from waste paper and cardboard is much more cost effective than manufacturing and using the virgin materials like the wood chips. The scope of the present report is further to discuss the project governance schemes, associated stakeholders, project team and its associate and the stewardship relevant within the scope.
Project governance
The project for paper recycling in Australia is governed by many organisation and institution like Australian recycling sector, Embassies of Australia, Sweden. They provide the existing standards, guidelines and specifications for the execution of the project. More importantly, the mentioned companies which are undertaking these projects are also partially supported by the Australian government such that the sustainability issues related to environment and waste management can be achieved in this cost effective procedure (Arminen, Hujala&Tuppura, 2015).
Stakeholders
The necessary stakeholders involved in the proper application of the paper recycling project involves the municipalities, existing recyclers and farmers, tourist activities, collection and waste treatment companies and other complementary agents. In particular, the networking starts with local employees, who are assigned the responsibility for collection of waste paper products, which will be supplied to the firms as raw material. The technical speciality later, processes the water recycling paradigm and to the next phase, the outcomes will be acting as raw material for various companies, who are involved in manufacturing of paper-associated articles. In this regard, Too & Bajracharyaet al. (2016), suggested that it is necessary to improve the relationship between the waste stakeholders and the local organisation, such that the procedural conductance can be continued to achieve the environmental sustainability goals.
Project team structure
Project team structure of this paper recycling project is highly organised and well defined, so that each member has its specified job assigned to them. Employees are assigned to collect the raw materials and the others are employed to recycle the same. The paper recycling companies have technical specialities for the processing. The industry also include various vendors, suppliers, and third party for managing the transportation of material and processing of re-cycled manufacturing procedure. In addition to this, the administrative and financial department are the responsibility of the higher authority. Overall, the procedure is referred to combined approach of several personnel (technical and non-technical) to recycle the paper waste into reusable materials.
Project board
The present section illustrates the associative members of the board that are involved in the paper recycling project. In addition to this, their corresponding responsibilities and roles are also discussed in relevant context.
Project board membership
The project board members for the paper recycling project includes typically the senior managers, project manager and executive within the paper recycling organisation. As mentioned, the hierarchy of board members mainly include form municipality authorities, industrial sector, public welfare department, environmental authorities, and government of Australia. Of note, the board members of the project also include views, suggestion, and recommendation from various associated stakeholders.
Project board responsibility
The project board members should be senior enough so that they have the authority to make strategic decisions regarding the design and build of the sustainable pulp, paper mills, and also cleaning of the energy plants. The senior project manager is also is also responsible for maintaining cordial relationship with all the stakeholders so that the recycling process can be carried out effectively. Other than this, the officials from the government or environmental authorities are responsible for reviewing the procedures functional at global level, such that implementation into the working procedures, bringing cost-effective measures, reducing the environmental impact, and use of scientific advancement into the program can be managed, with time.
Roles and responsibility
The key role associated with the project team and associated networking is to collect the paper waste, process them synthetically, market them for reusable procedures, and then distributing the recycled products. In addition to this, another group is also associated with the scheduling, who is having the responsibility to make and implement decisions related to environmental norms, national regulations, and scientific measures(Ximenes& Grant, 2013).
Project owner
The project ownership in the paper recycling project can include more than one member having equal shares within the project. Within the context of industrial level, each one of them is assigned different position and responsibility such as managing director, production manager, marketing manager, and financial manager. The managing director holds the responsibility of controlling the administration department. The marketing manager is involved with marketing and supply authority in the paper production mill. The production manager is involved in the production in the plant and control in warehouse and have full authority about it. Finally the financial manager is involved in the financial plan and also the manufacturing plan. Likewise, in the government and scientific sector, specific officials are considered as the owner of project, and they will be having responsibility to review, implement, and monitor the sustainability of the procedures (Wan, Booth, Hiew, Hong, 2015).
Project manager
It is the responsibility of the project manager to execute the operational plan of the whole project starting from collecting the scrap paper,processing raw material and making paper pulp. The project manager should timely inspect the paper processing plant for making the administration and product as the most efficient one. Notably, the responsibility also include recruitment of the project staff and managing or leading the project team effectively (Rahman, Hussain&Basri, 2014). This also include the scope for providing the time to time update to the upper management, such as governmental officials, environmental authorities, and policy makers; to bring necessary implementation, within the context.
Project team
Project team include the members who regularly and actively work on one or more phases of the paper recycling process. The team members include the external consultants as well as in-house staff who work for the project on regular and part-time basis(Ordóñez, Hermosilla, Merayo, Gascó, 2014). It is noteworthy to mention that in this context, typically the local stakeholder are more responsible for conducting and scheduling the working procedures.
In addition to this, there also exists project team members which have the responsibility for the networking, pricing strategy as for making the paper pulps to paper in the industry, the financial analyst, such that the normal market price is being charged with some credit facilities. Apart from that some are involved in the distribution pattern for targeting customers, promotional activity, and buying patterns of the raw material from waste paper collector and dealers (Ordóñez, Hermosilla,Merayo, Gascó, 2014).
The official and the scientific consultants are also key team members within this project, with which the policy implementation, rescheduling of the working procedures, and monitoring of the issues to bring sustainability into the project is managed. This also include the financial allocation from government, such as to conduct and maintain the working procedures in accurate direction could be sustained.
Project stakeholders
The key stakeholder involved in the process is the local municipality authorities and the local government who is responsible for specific programs and also granting certain supporting schemes for recycling and the resource recovery. The industry stakeholder include collection and recycling treatment companies and the recyclers, who collect the waste paper from dealers and then recycle it. Importantly, the stakeholders related to the marketing practices are not financially linked with the government funding and that the budgetary allocation is only responsible for collection of waste, recycling of the paper, and preparing the reports for subsequent analysis (Kong, Hasanbeigi& Price, 2016).
Project steward
The project steward is responsible for acting as a liaison and communicating the relevant ongoing process. In addition to this, it also include decision making processes from one group to the other within the scope of paper recycling project. The steward should possess enough knowledge regarding either side of the group for effective communication. Likewise, it is also critical to consider the financial issues, such that the procedure can remain a cost-effective measure and that it will be sustainable enough to render effective environmental solutions (Ximenes& Grant, 2013).
Project status reporting
The project status reporting is also another critical factor that facilitates documentation. This is also critical for the functionality of various stakeholders engaged into the project, and is discussed in the preceding section.
RACI matrix
Codes Names Project Sponsor Business Analyst
Stage A Municipality
A01 Employees D
A02 Non-technical staff B
Stage B Paper industry
B01 Employees B
B02 Technical staff B D
B03 Non-technical staff B
Stage C Networking and Marketing
C01 Employees B
C02 Technical staff B, D
Stage D Government officials
Stage E Design Solution
E01 Policy Makers D
E02 Scientific Staff B
E02 Industrial Partners D
Conclusion
In particular, the present report discussed the stakeholders, project team, and its associated members, which are concerned towards paper recycling schedule and environmental sustainability. The report also illustrates the responsibility of key officials such as project manager, employees, and the other associated stakeholders. It is worth mentioning that within Australia is recorded to have 87% of paper and cardboard recycling rate, which is one of the highest all over the world. Recycling paper is sustainable for the environment asit uses 70% of less energy than making it from the raw material. Overall, the conductance of this project is aimed towards reducing the waste accumulation and bringing environment effective solutions.
Part3
Introduction
Over the past few decades, many steps are on place to help in the recycling of waste and paper recycling is one of the major aspects that has been increasing day by day. Various projects ate introduced and are in process as a part of paper recycling. As discussed in the previous sections about the latest Australian technology used for recycling of waste paper that has added value to the waste management in the country. It was observed that about 80,000 to 100,000 tons of waste paper are generated and comes to the recycling center for processing. Recycling of those waste paper would not only help in reusing of the paper but would also help in saving the trees, thereby supporting the environment (Shaik, & Abdul-Kader, 2014). At a global level, each country is taking initiatives for supporting the cause and encouraging the projects, that support such kind of paper recycling, both at governmental and non-governmental levels. As discussed in the previous part about the processes that are involved in the recycling of paper like pulping, screening, centrifugal cleaning, dispersion, washing, bleaching and dissolved in air floatation, there is a need of optimizing these steps as well so as to avoid damage or wastage during the process. In Australia, three major companies, Visy, Amcor and Skog have taken the initiative of paper and cardboard. They use the most cost effective process and methodologies to carry on the process and also invest less compared to any other recycling process present internationally (Rimmer, Phan, Mathieson, Iqbal, Twigg, Wilkie, & WGS500 Consortium. 2014). The current discussion will highlight some of the major aspect of project development and measurement like developing a strategy map, including a balance sore cards and identifying the Key Point Indicators (KPI) that would help in adding value to the project.
Project Overview
Paper recycling project is governed by many institutes and organizations like Embassies of Australia, Sweden and Australian recycling sectors of other parts of the country. Well established standards and guidelines are provided that would help in driving the entire process in the most systematic and effective manner. The process sis also been supported by the Australian government so as to add value to the sustainability development of the country (Zheng, Polavarapu, Liz-Marzán, Pastoriza-Santos, & Pérez-Juste, 2015). Major stakeholders involved in such projects includes the farmers, existing recyclers, tourists and localities, municipalities, collection and waste treatment companies and other complementary agents and activists. A huge network is being formed for completion of the project starting from the collection of the raw materials, application of the right technology till the completion of the process and disposal of the output products. Considering the structure of the project, various employees are directly employed for the activity. However, there are activists, stakeholders and other volunteers who come and offer their support to the process. A group of technical specialist are also present who guides and provides instruction for further development and growth. The project is basically owned by the head (managing director) of an organization ate the industrial level or at the district level and other holds the roles and responsibilities of supporting then in carrying out the work (Rimmer, Phan, Mathieson, Iqbal, Twigg, Wilkie, & WGS500 Consortium. 2014). The members included are the marketing manager, production manager, financial manager, etc. Along with them, there are other members who support in the successful completion of the projects. The strategic map development along with balanced score card and the Key Point Indicators would help in guiding the project along with providing the financial considerations involved.
Strategy Map
Each organization holds some goals and objectives that helps in achieving the success. The objectives are guided by some strategy that would support in driving the actions and activities of the organization towards the defined objectives. The same concept is also applicable in case of the paper recycling projects that aims to support the environmental and reuse the wastes. Strategy maps help in providing a clarity of the objectives of the projects and guides the methods and procedures that are included for carrying out the process (Chu, KrishnaKumar, & Khosla, 2014). It is a diagrammatic presentation of the primary strategic goals associated with a project or organization that needs to be documented which are being pursued by the management team of the organization. Below is a pictorial presentation of the same that highlights the roles and responsibilities of various domains towards the successful completion of the project.
Figure 1 Sample of a Strategy Map
For the concern paper recycling project, there is a need of having an effective and well defined strategy in pace that would support the cause. Blow strategy map would be an effective guiding competent that could help in developing and effective balanced score card for the project as well as reducing the cost and wastage involved.
Figure 2. Strategy Map for paper recycling
Balanced Score Card
Like the strategic map, balanced scorecard provides a source of strategic planning and system management that is highly used in various sectors like the governmental, industrial, private, public and nonprofit organizations. It helps in aligning the project or organizational activities according to the vision and mission of the organization (Chu, KrishnaKumar, & Khosla, 2014). This process management tool helps in improving the mode of communication along with the ways of monitoring so that the activities would take less time and should be carried out as per planned.
In this project of paper recycling, a systematic Balanced Score Card is being planned and developed that would provide a strategic overview of various activities that should be aligned to the objective of the project (Rimmer, Phan, Mathieson, Iqbal, Twigg, Wilkie, & WGS500 Consortium. 2014). Below figure provides a pictorial representation of the same.
Perspective Objectives Measures Targets Initiatives
Financial
Increase in profits
Recycling more waste paper
Profit and accuracy All the local and international firms and sites Process optimization
Adopting new technologies and methodologies
Customer
Reducing the level of waste paper in the society
Increasing the environmental sustainability
Management of the waste products 80 – 92% of the target sites that generates paper wastes The output product will be sold in less price that would be reused in various household and office works
Internal Business Process
Adopting new technologies in the work
Including advanced methodologies and optimizing the process Adding quality and improvisation of the process Revenue generation up to 2 - 5% increase each year Less investment in collecting the raw materials and transforming it into finished products
Organizational Capacity
Improving the overall organizational professional skills
Generating revenues that would support the members and the stakeholders Supporting the environment as well as adding income source Balancing the ecological balance Holding scope at a wider level that adds value in terms of business as well as ecological aspects
Key Point Indicators (KPI)
Key Point Indicators (KPI) helps in setting out a group of quantifiable measures that a company used in order to gauge its performance over time. It is a kind of metrics that helps in tracking the overall growth and development of the company. There could be two kinds of Key Point Indicators (KPI), one is the financial Key Point Indicators (KPI) that directly deals with all kinds of financial transactions involved in the project while the other one is the Non-Key Point Indicators (KPI) that deals with all other elements of the project, except the financial transactions. The same thing is also applicable in this project.
Conclusion
At a global level, each country is taking initiatives for supporting the cause and encouraging the projects, that support such kind of paper recycling, both at governmental and non-governmental levels. As discussed in the previous part about the processes that are involved in the recycling of paper like pulping, screening, centrifugal cleaning, dispersion, washing, bleaching and dissolved in air floatation, there is a need of optimizing these steps as well so as to avoid damage or wastage during the process (Shaik, & Abdul-Kader, 2014). In Australia, three major companies, Visy, Amcor and Skog have taken the initiative of paper and cardboard. They use the most cost effective process and methodologies to carry on the process and also invest less compared to any other recycling process present internationally. A huge network is being formed for completion of the project starting from the collection of the raw materials, application of the right technology till the completion of the process and disposal of the output products (Chu, KrishnaKumar, & Khosla, 2014). Considering the structure of the project, various employees are directly employed for the activity. However, there are activists, stakeholders and other volunteers who come and offer their support to the process. A group of technical specialist are also present who guides and provides instruction for further development and growth. Strategy mapping and balanced sore cards helps in aligning the project or organizational activities according to the vision and mission of the organization. This process management tool helps in improving the mode of communication along with the ways of monitoring so that the activities would take less time and should be carried out as per planned.
References
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