Literature Review- Article Critique Summary This report aims to present the issues concerning the exploitation of the international students in Australia, this report will include literature review of the existing research that have been done in this direction by other researches, so the existing research papers will be critically analysed in order to derive the different opinions that will be put forward by the different authors, the main objective is to analyse this as a serious problem for the students coming to Australia for the sake of higher education. After the critical analysis of the existing literature recommendations to improve the conditions have been provided along with the recommendations in the form of the weakness that have been identified in the critical analysis. The overall analysis ends with a conclusion at the end. Topic The topic for the review of the literature is related to the exploitation of the international student in Australia. This is a broad topic and will consider the different forms of exploitation, so before moving ahead with the critical analysis as a part of the literature review, it is important to understand the meaning of exploitation in relation to this research and also to define the different forms of exploitation being faced by the international students in Australia. Introduction about the topic International students in Australia refers to the students coming to Australia as far as higher education is considered and exploitation refers to the misuse or misbehaviour that these students have to face in the foreign land as they are minority in Australia. This topic will evaluate the exploitation of the international students in Australia and the level and type of exploitation that the students have been facing in Australia. Review of existing Literature Most of the students coming to Australia for the sake of higher education do get involved in part time jobs in order to manage their cost of living in a costly nation like Australia and as such the students are exposed to a business environment as they serve as temporary and part time labour for businesses in almost all verticals of different industries, however over the period of time a lot has been seen as far as the exploitation of the students in terms of getting low wage rates and along with this the students are made to work for longer durations against the law, along with this a lot many forms of exploitation exists, the following section will help to critically analyse the different researches that have been done in this direction. Journal Article 1 Blog.apc.edu.au. (2017). Exploitation of International Student Workers in Australia: An EAP Survey Report. Critical analysis As per the authors of this journal, the main reason that the international students come to Australia is the visa conditions that allows the students to work for 40 hours a week and this acts as a major support to the students in order to survive in Australia. The author has revealed that as per the minimum wage act in Australia, the minimum wage rate is $17.29 per hour, which has been set by the government in order to be given to the part time workers. But the fact is that the students working on a part time basis are unaware of the same and with the fear of losing the jobs the students are ready to work at lower rates and this is the point when the exploitation starts. The author also interpreted the results of the same as extended hours of working by the foreign students which becomes important to be done due to high cost of living but eventually it has an adverse impact on the mental and physical health of the students which further effects the studies of the students too. Also, the international reputation of Australia also comes into stake. The authors in their research have conducted a research in order to know about the types of the jobs students are employed in with the wage rate that they get and apart from this the authors also searched for the satisfaction level of the students as far as their work level experience is considered. The research further reveals that about 40% of the students are employed as waiters in the different organizations and do perform the small jobs. The authors go to point out the fact that more than 50% of the students are unaware of the minimum wage rate that they should be getting for their work whereas most of the students are unaware of the public holiday wages that they should receive if they work on public holidays. The author draws conclusion from the research that more than 60% of the students responded that working for more than 20 hours a week is important as far as their survival is considered. The authors based their argument on the basis of an article published in The Sydney morning Herald showed that the international students work for extended hours during the day and are paid as low as $8 per hour and in some cases even lesser than the same. Also, the author brought into notice that the majority of the students are from Australia and since thy have the need and urgency to get the job, so it results into the exploitation of the students and the employers try to derive the maximum amount of work from the students at the lowest price. The authors have also expressed that education industry is one of the biggest contributor to the Australian economy and accounts for highest export earning, so it will be important for the Australian government authorities to look in for the setting of the standards so that this level of exploitation could be controlled and equal pay for equal work could be imposed. The author in this review discusses about the case when the systematic exploitation of the students working in 7- Eleven came into light, further results revealed that this exploitation was not only limited to the multinational organizations but even the organizations involved in the hospitality sector and other Australian based organizations were a major part of this scenario and exploitation came out to be a common practice by all the businesses. The author points out the fact that as per the law a student could work for 20 hours at a maximum in a week, but with the students being exploited and paid less than half the rates as set by the government, the international students are forced to go for the lower pay rates and increase the number of working hours in order to balance the income to a level so that they could survive the high cost of living in Australia. As per the revelations made by the Author it has been expressed that coming to Australia could be a lonely and a depressing situation and a student needs a lot of support and motivation to face the challenges in order to survive. So, managing study and job is a difficult task and apart from this facing exploitation of being underpaid and overused by the employers creates additional pressure for the employees to work for extended hours and as per the author this could become very difficult and depressing for the employees to manage. The author also argues the extent of exploitation by putting forward an example in which the students were forced to work continuously for 12 hours and that too without a meal break, so author also expresses his concern over the topic and believes that if this level of exploitation keeps on going in Australia, it will have an adverse impact on the overall reputation of the nation and students will not prefer Australia as one of the best global destinations as far as continuing with the higher studies is considered. The author goes on to the point of the role of the government and the concerned bodies in fighting for the rights of the international students working in Australia and finds out that in the case of 7- eleven, the Fair work Ombudsman dragged the issue to the court and the organization was forced to pay thousands of dollars in wages as the compensation to the part time workers that had been underpaid, also the organization had to change its policies as far as the payment to the international students as part time workers is considered. Methodologies In this analysis, the author has presented the facts very well with a proper and in depth analysis of the actual problem being faced by the international students as far as their living and studies in Australia are considered. The author has made arguments well in relation to the real cause of the problem and has also raised some important questions about the role of the government in controlling the problem of international student exploitation with respect to the wages being given to them for the work done by them. The author has been very descriptive in the explanation and has described the different events in order to carry out the research, the overall research done by the author is totally based on the derived data analysis from the published articles and the author has also included the inputs from the current news articles. The author has applied a theoretical analysis methodology for the collection of the data, however some of the statistical inputs to the data have also been considered. Analysing the writing and presentation style of author The descriptive state analysis with the description of the students facing the challenges in Australia have been considered. The author hold strong opinions and the author has presented his strong opinions against the injustice done to the students, so the way of presentation involves critical analysis of the situational analysis that has been justified by providing suitable examples in order to justify the findings of the research. The objectivity of the research presented by the author is limited to the analysis of the situations faced by the students in Australia. However, the author has also presented the findings backed up by evidences in the form of figurative analysis so as to make the things and the facts easy and simple for the people to understand (Blog.apc.edu.au, 2017). Journal Article 2 Widespread Exploitation in International Student Workplace. (2017). Critical analysis The author has based the discussion on the basis of the fact that the glowing reputation of Australia has come under fire and scrutiny as far as the exploitation of the international students by the businesses in Australia. The author brings into light the case in which a retail outlet named as7- eleven was exposed of exploiting the international students, even though 7-eleven is one of the most reputed and biggest chain of retail store in Australia. The author also argued that students from across the globe prefer Australia as one stop destination in order to get quality education, but under the pressure to withstand their livelihood in the challenging and costly cities in Australia the students have to undertake jobs on part time basis and even the government allows the students for the same, but eventually the author says that students are exposed to a high degree of exploitation by the corporates. The author also discusses about the changing visa regulations that have been a major cause of the restriction in the number of working hours of the students that has been changing a lot over the period of time. The author sets out to show the example of 7- eleven which is a retail outlet with more than 620 stores in the entire nation, as per the report published the students are made to work like slaves. The problems faced by the students have been shown by the author in which the decrease in the wage pay rates, rejection of payment for overtime and in most of the cases students reported of working continuously for weeks without receiving any pay cheque. As per the author there were complaints of being threatened by the organization if the students complained anything regarding the same. So, this has been termed as the heights of exploitation of the students and a comparison of the students with the slaves has been considered. Along with this the author also argues to the point that the international students in the cleaning and hospitality industry are treated totally differently because they are non-Australians, so overall the author wants to demonstrate the different forms of exploitation that is happening in Australia in which the employees are paid less on the basis of their country of origin and this disparity has created inequalities among the people where different pay scales are being observed by the author for the same type of the work done. The author goes on to point that the students working as cleaners in Australia are paid at a rate of $15 per hour regardless of the fact that the starting national wage rate is $24.35. The author proves this changing behaviour of the organizations in terms of the less wage rate being paid in terms of the increase in the supply of the students that are available to work on part time basis, since the number of students approaching Australia for higher education has increased, so has increased the need for the students to work part time in different organizations and this has led to increase in supply and taking this as an opportunity the businesses have starting exploiting the students because they know that getting employed is important for the students so as to survive in Australia. The author puts in critical thinking into action and feels that most of the students are forced to work in harsh and critical working conditions with less wages and overtime with less pay as it is their necessity in order to meet their basic needs fulfilled. The author argues that this exploitation occurs because the businesses are aware of the fact that large number of students are willing to work at lower rates just in order to grab an employment opportunity in Australia. Methodologies Critical discourse analysis has been considered by the author relatively in terms of understanding the issues and the author has made an exploratory research with the structure of the report being framed as a result of the evidences that have been presented in the initial part. The author has been completely involved in the research and has also included the narrative analysis in which the experiences of the students have been considered for the review analysis. The author has taken into analysis the ethical considerations associated with the treatment of the students in Australia and has taken this issue as a concern as that of an international importance. The research methodology adopted in this case is qualitative in nature and takes a deeper insight into the topic by not just limiting the research to the analysis of the numbers. Analysing writing and presentation The writing style is very informal in nature and the writer has been emotionally involved during the writing process as the article discloses the crucial information related to the critical case analysis in which instances from the real problems being faced by the students has been evaluated. The author has been involved in the representation of the data that is qualitative in nature and includes data collected from personal experiences of the author and that collected from the other sources like the social media. Conclusion At last it could be said that the article has helped to bring ahead the real face of the exploitation being faced by the Australian students as far as working in Australia is considered, some real-life situations and facts have been exposed as far as the critical problems being faced by the students studying in Australia is concerned. The author in this article has identified 4 major factors that are responsible for the increase in the level of exploitation of the students, these factors have been identified as the language barriers that are faced by the students at work due to the differences in the language accent, the loyalty of the students towards their employers, concerns of the individuals to lose their visas and the pressure to manage the expenses in a costly nation like Australia. The author has been not able to draw findings from the research in terms of quantitative parameters as the data is different for the different regions of Australia, however the author has been able to draw perfect conclusions in order to support the analysis part that has been considered in the previous parts of the report (Widespread Exploitation in International Student Workplace, 2017). References: Blog.apc.edu.au. (2017). Exploitation of International Student Workers in Australia: An EAP Survey Report. [online] Available at: http://blog.apc.edu.au/2015/11/exploitation-of-international-student.html Widespread Exploitation in International Student Workplace. (2017). 1st ed. [ebook] p.4. Available at: https://www.studyinternational.com/news/widespread-exploitation-in-international-student-workplace/#p8zUPmiiErJPQ8wI.97