ALC
An Abridged Guide to the APA Referencing Style
Academic Learning Centre Academic Communication
An Abridged Guide to the APA Referencing Style (6th edition), an Author-Date System based on American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Maintained by Academic Learning Services Unit Edition 2013
Published by CQUniversity Australia COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA
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Table of Contents
Why reference/cite? 5
How to reference 5
Paraphrasing 5
In-text references 5 Author prominent 5 Information prominent 6
What is plagiarism? 6
Use of italics 6
Use of quotation marks 6
Quotations of 40 or more words 7
Quote within a quote 7
Capitalisation 7
Quoting incorrect spelling, punctuation or grammar from an original source 8
Page numbers 8
Quoting online material that has no page numbers 8
Use of ‘et al.’ 8
Use of city, state, country location information 8
Difference between a reference list and a bibliography 9
Formatting your reference list 9
Referencing a source not covered by the APA manual 9
Journal articles and periodicals 10 Journal article 10 A journal article with a DOI 10 Online journal article from a database with no DOI 11 Issue numbers 11
Using URL references 11
Unpublished sources 12
Appendices 12
When to use numbers expressed in words 12
When to use numbers expressed as numerals 12
APA formatting 12
BOOKS 14
JOURNALS 28
REPORTS 33
CONFERENCE PAPERS 35
UNIVERSITY MATERIALS 36
GOVERNMENT & LEGISLATION 39
ELECTRONIC SOURCES 44
SPECIALISED SOURCES 48
REFERENCES 57
APPENDIX A—TABLE FORMAT 60
APPENDIX B—FIGURE FORMAT 62
INDEX 63
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Why reference/cite?
References must be provided whenever you use someone else’s opinions, theories, data or organisation of material. You need to reference information from books, articles, DVDs, the World Wide Web, other print or electronic sources and personal communications. A reference is required if you: quote (use someone else’s exact words) copy (use figures, tables or structure) paraphrase (convert someone else’s ideas into your own words) summarise (give a brief account of someone else’s ideas).
How to reference
There are two parts to the APA system of referencing: 1. The author and the date are referred to in the text or main body of your writing (called in-text referencing or citing). 2. All of the resources referred to in the body of the writing are included in the reference list at the end of the assignment. All information is included in this list: author, date, title of publication, and publication and/or retrieval information. When you reference sources of information in the text of your assignment—regardless of whether you quote, paraphrase or summarise—you should include: the author’s surname (family name) the year of publication page numbers when directly quoting or closely paraphrasing an author’s words correct punctuation and spacing. Your reference list includes full details of all sources you have referred to in the assignment in alphabetical order.
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is putting someone else’s ideas into your own words. When you paraphrase, you must provide an in-text reference to show that the material comes from another source. When you reference a paraphrase in text, you must provide the author and year of publication. You may also provide the page number, if you think it would be helpful to your reader; in APA style, providing a page number for paraphrased material is optional.
In-text references
There are two ways of referencing (citing): author prominent and information prominent.
Author prominent This is when you give prominence to the author by using the author’s surname (family name) as part of your sentence with the date and the page number in parentheses (round brackets).
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Direct quote example: Unterhalter (2007, p. 5) argues that “gender equality in schooling is an aspiration of global social justice.” Paraphrase example: Unterhalter (2007, p. 5) suggests that equal treatment of the genders in education should be an issue of justice for every society. Note: Include the page number when quoting the author’s exact words as well as when paraphrasing information from a specific sentence, paragraph, chapter, table or chart.
Information prominent The other way of referencing (citing) gives prominence to the information, with all the required referencing details in parentheses at the end of the citation. Direct quote example: It has been argued that “gender equality in schooling is an aspiration of global social justice” (Unterhalter, 2007, p. 5). Paraphrase example: Equal treatment of gender in education should be an aim of every society (Unterhalter 2007, p. 5). Note: Include the page number when quoting the author’s exact words as well as when paraphrasing information from a specific sentence, paragraph, chapter, table or chart.
What is plagiarism?
Plagiarism is the intentional use of someone else’s ideas, words or concepts in your assignment work without appropriate acknowledgment. It is considered serious misconduct at university and should be avoided at all times. CQUniversity has a policy on plagiarism and you are strongly encouraged to familiarise yourself with it. The following URLs will lead you to: CQUniversity’s Plagiarism Procedures http://policy.cqu.edu.au/Policy/policy_file.do?policyid=1244 Student Misconduct and Plagiarism policy http://policy.cqu.edu.au/Policy/policy_file.do?policyid=1245 Committing plagiarism can carry very serious penalties for students, including expulsion from the university.
Use of italics
Italics are used for the name of a journal, newspaper, magazine, book, film, website, etc. The exception is informally published materials. In blog posts, YouTube videos, message board posts, etc. do not use italics. (APA, 2010, pp. 104–106, Section 4.21)
Use of quotation marks
Double quotation marks are used around direct quotes of fewer than 40 words. (APA, 2010, p. 170, Section 6.03)
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Quotations of 40 or more words
These should be formatted as a freestanding block of text as follows: omit quotation marks indent the block 1.25 cm from the left margin (the same indent used for a new paragraph) use double line spacing use the same font and size as the text give the source and page number in brackets after the final full-stop. (APA, 2010, p. 171, Section 6.03) For example:
Scholarly work is required to meet certain standards in order to be published:
Academic material of standing is peer reviewed—that is, prior to publication the
article or book written by an author (or authors) is sent out to other academics in the
same field to be reviewed and the authors then revise their material based on the
recommendations of the reviewers. (Taines, 2008, p. 29)
Quote within a quote
When a quote appears within a quote use single quote marks. For example: “The first words of Melville’s Moby Dick are ‘Call me Ishmael’ and these words are full of significance” was the first statement in Smith’s memorable speech (Johns, 1995, p. 43).
Capitalisation
APA style uses minimal capitalisation for the titles of books, book chapters, journal articles, reports and websites, but maximal capitalisation for the titles of journals and other periodicals. In minimal capitalisation, only the first word is capitalised, regardless of how it is capitalised in the original title. If there is a subtitle, capitalise the first word of the subtitle (i.e. the first word after the colon). Note that proper nouns (such as the names of people, places and organisations) should always be capitalised. In maximal capitalisation, all major words are capitalised. Words that are not capitalised include articles (‘a’, ‘an’, ‘the’) and prepositions (e.g. ‘for’, ‘on’, ‘of’). For example, Journal of Sociology, Sydney Morning Herald, Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing.
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Quoting incorrect spelling, punctuation or grammar from an original source
The manual states, “Direct quotations must be accurate … . If any incorrect spelling, punctuation, or grammar in the source might confuse readers, insert the word sic, italicized and bracketed, immediately after the error in the quotation.” For example, “ … italicized [sic] and bracketed” (APA, 2010, p. 172, Section 6.06).
Page numbers
Always give the page number for a direct quotation, or when referring to a specific diagram, table or chart. When paraphrasing, providing a page number is optional. The word “page” is abbreviated to p. If there are two or more pages, use pp. For example: (Smith, 2012, p. 6), or (Smith, 2012, pp. 12-15).
Quoting online material that has no page numbers
Normally, direct quotations are cited with author, year and page number in brackets but many electronic sources do not provide page numbers. In this case, if there are paragraph numbers, use the paragraph number in place of the page number, with the abbreviation para. for a direct quote. For example: A BP spokesman reported that “The new construction includes a containment cap with a built-in ‘blow-out preventer’, the device that failed to cut off the oil flow” (Mann, 2010, para. 4). If there are no paragraph numbers but there are headings, cite the first three or four words of the heading and the number of the paragraph following it. You will need to count the paragraphs yourself. For example: (Education for Change, 2009, “Our growth plan”, para. 2). (APA, 2010, pp. 171–172, Section 6.05)
Use of ‘et al.’
For references with two authors, give both authors’ names in every in-text reference. For references with three, four or five authors, list all the authors’ names in your first intext reference. In second and subsequent references to the same work, give only the first author’s name followed by ‘et al.’ (which stands for ‘and others’). For example: (Chaffee, McMahon, & Stout, 2000) is followed by (Chaffee et al., 2000). For references with six or more authors, give only the first author’s name followed by ‘et al.’ in every in-text reference. Note that et al. should not be in italics and there should always be a full-stop after al.
Use of city, state, country location information
Provide city and state for US and Australian publications, e.g., Princeton, NJ; Rockhampton, Qld. Provide city, state and country for all other publications. (APA, 2010, p. 186, Section 6.30)
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Difference between a reference list and a bibliography
A reference list includes all the sources of information that have been cited (referenced) intext in a piece of work and is located at the end of the piece of work and arranged in alphabetical order. A bibliography lists all works consulted when preparing a piece of work whether or not the work has been cited in the document. This means that all the works referred to within the document as well as all works consulted but not referred to would appear in the bibliography in alphabetical order. Unless your assignment instructions specifically request a bibliography, a reference list is generally all that is required. If your assignment task specifies there is no need for in-text referencing but asks for a bibliography, the bibliography will list in alphabetical order all the resources you consulted for the task. The bolded heading of Bibliography would be used.
Formatting your reference list
When formatting your reference list, use the following guidelines: begin your reference list on a new page
use the heading References centred
use a hanging indent throughout, i.e., the first line of each reference should be flush with the left margin, while the second and any subsequent lines should be indented (in Word, this can be achieved by selecting your reference list and using the key combination Ctrl-T).
do not leave a blank line after each reference
use double-line spacing throughout
put your list in alphabetical order by author’s surname/family name.
See the reference list at the end of this document for an example.
Referencing a source not covered by the APA manual
This will happen rarely, but should it happen to you, this is what the manual has to say: Because one purpose of listing references is to enable readers to retrieve and use the
sources, each entry usually contains the following elements: author, year of
publication, title, and publishing or retrieval data—all information necessary for
unique identification and library search. (APA, 2010, p. 193, Section 7)
You can also find additional examples on the APA website: http://www.apastyle.org See especially the tutorial on The Basics of APA Style.
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Journal articles and periodicals
When referencing a journal article in the reference list, the following elements should be presented in this order: surname (family name) and initials of author(s) year of publication title of article in minimal capitalisation title of journal or periodical in italics and maximal capitalisation volume number in italics issue number in brackets (or other identifier, such as season or month) where applicable page number(s) on which the article begins and ends.
Journal article
Peterson, J., & Schmidt, A. (1999). Widening the horizons for secondary schools. Journal of
Secondary Education, 3(8), 89–106.
A journal article with a DOI Many journal articles and other online documents are assigned a Digital Object Identifier, or DOI. A DOI is a unique string of letters and numbers that identifies a document. All DOIs begin with the number 10. They can often be found on the first page of a journal article, or in the database citation information. A DOI can also be given in the form of a web address: http://dx.doi.org/
Authors’ surnames and initials
Year of publication Title of article in minimal capitalisation
Italics and maximal capitalisation for the title of the journal
Volume number in italics
Page numbers
Full stop at the end
Issue number in brackets (only needed if each issue is paginated separately)
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If the article or other document you are citing has a DOI, this should be included at the end of the reference. No other retrieval information is then necessary. Wherever possible, copy and paste the DOI to ensure accuracy. When adding the DOI use the following format: doi:10xxxx/xxxxxxxxxx or http://dx.doi.org/xxxxxxxxxxx For example: Shariff, J. F. (2011). Navigating assisted death and end-of-life care. CMAJ, 183(6),
643–644. doi:10.1503/cmaj.091845
Online journal article from a database with no DOI If you find a journal article online through CQUniversity Library Discover It! or through an online database with no DOI then give the web address (URL) of the home page of the journal, magazine or newsletter. You may have to do a web search to find this. Andrew, M., & Romova, Z. (2012). Genre, discourse and imagined communities: The
learning gains of academic writing learners. Journal of Academic Language and
Learning, 6(1). Retrieved from http://journal.aall.org.au/
Note: Open the URL and see that it is the home page of the journal. The journal will have a search function.
Issue numbers Note: Issue numbers are only needed if the journal is paginated separately by issue (i.e., if each issue begins at page 1). If a journal, magazine or newsletter does not use volume numbers but gives the season or the month, include the season or month after the year. For example: Beemster, M. (2008, Spring). Saving the Southern Bell Frog. Australian Landcare, 27–29.
Chandler-Crisp, S. (1988, May). “Aerobic” writing: A writing practice model. Writing Lab Newsletter, pp. 9–11. If a periodical does not have a volume number but is published frequently, give the month and day of publication after the year. For example:
Kauffmann, S. (1993, October 18). On films: Class consciousness. The New Republic, 30.
Using URL references
Be aware that most word processing packages will automatically underline the Internet address—the examples in the APA manual are not underlined (do not have a hyperlink) so you will need to remove the underline. Highlight the URL, click off the underline icon, and change the font colour to black.
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Unpublished sources
Always try to use published materials for your paper. Unpublished materials usually comprise theses or papers/abstracts presented at a conference. Be wary of using them. If in doubt, consult your lecturer to see if the resource can be used.
If you want to use material from one of your previous assessment tasks, you must ask the lecturer for permission to do so.
Appendices
An appendix comprises supplementary material that is collected and appended at the back of a book or report—supporting evidence for your assignment. The word Appendices is the plural form.
Appendices go after the reference list. Each appendix is a separate item and goes on a separate page. They are usually lettered, not numbered—Appendix A, Appendix B and so on.
Any tables or figures in an appendix take their caption from that appendix, e.g., in Appendix A, the table would be Table A1; likewise for a figure, Figure A1 and so on.
When to use numbers expressed in words
In a text where numbers are not a significant focus, use words for numbers up to one hundred. In addition, use words for common fractions, e.g., “one-fifth of the class.” Use numerals for numbers over nine in documents where numbers occur frequently. A number, however, is always expressed in words at the beginning of a sentence, e.g., “Forty-eight per cent of the sample … .” Check out the number examples on this site: http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/numbers-aswords.aspx
When to use numbers expressed as numerals
Use figures for numbers: preceding measurement, e.g., 3 cm grouped in figures, e.g., 3 of 21 used as statistics, e.g., 4% of the population used in times, dates, ages, money.
APA formatting
Most disciplines at CQUniversity Australia that use the APA referencing style do not require their students to adhere to the APA formatting guidelines in presenting their papers. For those students who are required to use APA formatting (such as psychology students), you can find advice at the following websites:
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Owl at Purdue: examples of headers on the title page and the abstract http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ A screencast presentation posted by David Peak to guide you through the formatting of headers http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9pbUoNa5tyY&annotation_id=annotation_38487 5&feature=iv You can find excellent advice about APA style, including both referencing and formatting, at the APA’s style blog: http://blog.apastyle.org/
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What follows is a set of guidelines on which you may model future referencing. You may find that the examples given do not always reflect exactly the details for a resource which you wish to reference. In this case, include the details you consider would be needed to locate that resource. If you are concerned, check with your lecturer. Remember: Always include the page number when quoting the author’s exact words. For a paraphrase, the page number is optional.
Books
Books In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list
One author
Give a page number if a direct quote or if specific information is given when paraphrasing, e.g., specific sentence, paragraph, chapter, table, chart or graph.
Russell-Bowie (2005, p. 14) found that “ … .” OR … as suggested in the literature (RussellBowie, 2005).
Note: If the quote marks come at the end of the sentence, place the full stop inside the final quotation marks; otherwise the full stop goes after the in-text reference/citation.
Russell-Bowie, D. (2005). MMADD about the arts! An introduction
to primary arts education. South Melbourne, Vic: Pearson
Education Australia.
Two authors
A recent study (Wyn & White, 2008) predicted that … OR Wyn and White (2008, p. 17) pointed out that “… .”
Note: Use an ampersand (&) within the parentheses, but use the word “and” in your sentence.
Wyn, J., & White, R. (2008). Youth and society (2nd ed.). Sydney,
NSW: Oxford University Press.
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Books In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list
Three to five authors
Note: First reference uses all the authors’ surnames and then only the first author’s surname followed by et al. is used for subsequent references.
A recent study (Carmona, Heath, Oc, & Tiesdell, 2003) highlighted that … OR Carmona, Heath, Oc, and Tiesdell (2003, p. 28) stated that “… .” Subsequent references: (Carmona et al., 2003, p. 33) or Carmona et al. (2003)
Carmona, M., Heath, T., Oc, T., & Tiesdell, S. (2003). Public
spaces—urban spaces: The dimensions of urban design.
Oxford, UK: Architectural Press.
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Books In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list
Six /seven authors
More than seven authors
The comprehensive study (Arnold et al., 2005, p. 50) highlighted that “… .” OR Arnold et al. (2005) supported the theory …
Note: If there are six or more authors/editors, use et al. from the very first reference in text.
Arnold, J., Silvester, J., Patterson, F., Robertson, I., Cooper C. L., &
Burnes, B. (2005). Work psychology: Understanding human
behavior in the workplace (4th ed.). Harlow, London, UK:
Pearson Education Ltd.
Note: 1: When a reference has six/seven authors (or editors), all the names are given in the reference list.
Note: 2: If there are more than seven authors (or editors), give the names of the first six authors/editors followed by an ellipsis (three dots) and the name of the last author/editor.
Lawall, S., Mack, M., Clinton, J.W., Danly, R.L., Douglas, K., Hugo,
H.E., Irele, F.A., ... Wellek, R. (Eds.). (2003). The Norton
anthology of world literature (2nd ed.). New York, NY:
W.W. Norton & Company.
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Books In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list
Additional authors listed after the word with on the title page. Usually the importance of these other authors is denoted by their names being on the book cover.
Marzano and Pickering (1997) point out ….
Dimensions of Learning is defined as …… (Marzano & Pickering, 1997).
Note: Authors’ names listed after the word with are not used in the in-text reference.
Marzano, R. J., & Pickering, D. J. (with Arrendondo, D. E., Paynter,
D. E., Blackburn, G. J., Brandt, R. S., Moffet, C. A., Pollock,
J. E., & Whistler, J. S.). (1997). Dimensions of learning
teacher’s manual (2nd ed.). Alexandra, VA: ASCD.
Multiple works by the same author
University research (Brown, 1982, 1988) has indicated that …
Note: Place chronologically—oldest reference first.
Brown, P. (1982). Corals in the Capricorn group. Rockhampton,
Qld: Central Queensland University, School of Biomedical
and Environmental Sciences.
Brown, P. (1988). The effects of anchors on corals. Rockhampton,
Qld: Central Queensland University, School of Biomedical
and Environmental Sciences.
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Books In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list
Multiple works published in the same year by the same author
Marzano and Pickering (2006a) set out methods of teaching students how to build up their academic vocabulary.
According to Marzano and Pickering (2006b), there should be emphasis placed on identifying declarative and procedural knowledge in the planning process of a unit.
Note: Add a, b, c, and so on to differentiate between works in the same year—which should be listed alphabetically in the reference list by title of article, chapter or complete work.
Marzano, R.J., & Pickering, D.J. (2006a). Building academic
vocabulary: Teacher’s manual. Heatherton, Vic: Hawker
Brownlow Education.
Marzano, R.J., & Pickering, D.J. (2006b). Dimensions of learning:
Teacher’s manual (2nd ed.). Heatherton, Vic: Hawker
Brownlow Education.
Note: In the reference list, the works are listed in alphabetical order of
the titles.
Works by different authors with the same surname
A report (J. Smith, 1998) showed that …
R. Smith (1999, pp. 47–50) found that “… .”
Smith, J. (1998). The world’s polluted oceans. Sydney, NSW:
Pacific.
Smith, R. (1999). Evolution and religion. Adelaide, SA: Firth.
Primary source Nightingale (1858) analysed the household environment and physical conditions as part of her sustainable design theory.
Nightingale, F. (1858). Notes on nursing: What it is, and what it is
not. London, UK: Harrison and Sons.
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Handbook, e.g., MIMS drug handbook (hard copy)
Correct drug dosage amounts and common allergic reactions to drugs are crucial to choosing the correct drug for a patient (MIMS Australian, 2003).
MIMS Australia. (2003). MIMS annual Australian edition. Crows
Nest, NSW: IMS Publishing.
Second or later edition
Kassin (2004, p. 5) stated that “… .” OR The latest theory (Kassin, 2004) on group dynamics …
Kassin, S. (2004). Psychology (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Pearson Education.
Several sources are cited at the same time
Note: Do not overdo this – cite only the most relevant sources.
Potter and Perry (2005) and Pairman, Pincombe, Thorogood, and Tracey (2006) all agree … OR Recent studies (Pairman, Pincombe, Thorogood, & Tracey, 2006; Potter & Perry, 2005) agree …
Note: Multiple references in the same set of brackets are given in the same alphabetical order as they would appear in the reference list.
Pairman, S., Pincombe, J., Thorogood, C., & Tracey, S. (2006).
Midwifery, preparation for practice. Sydney, NSW: Churchill
Livingstone, Elsevier.
Potter, P., & Perry, A.G. (2005). Fundamentals of nursing. Sydney,
NSW: Mosby, Elsevier.
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No author’s name appears but there is a sponsoring body
A study (Queensland Ambulance Service, 2007) has suggested … OR The Queensland Ambulance Service (2007) has found that …
Note: Cite the sponsoring organisation in place of the author.
Queensland Ambulance Service. (2007). In-service education.
Retrieved from https://desportal.emergency.qld.gov.au
No author’s name and no sponsoring body
A study (Family Policies, 1996) showed that …
Note: Use the title of the work in place of the author’s name, both in text and in the reference list. If the title is very long, use only the first few words in your in-text reference. Be wary of these resources.
Family policies. (1996). Canberra, ACT: Australian Government
Publishing Service.
No author’s name and 2nd or later edition
A study (Practical Design, 1992) showed that …
Practical design (2nd ed.). (1992). Adelaide, SA: South Australian
Design Press.
Edited work in which the role of the editor is more significant than that of individual authors (e.g., a collection of essays compiled by the editor)
Danaher (1998, p. 87) indicated that “… .” OR Related essays edited by Danaher (1998) suggested … OR Related essays (Danaher, 1998) suggested …
Danaher, P. (Ed.). (1998). Beyond the Ferris wheel. Rockhampton,
Qld: CQU Press.
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Chapter in edited work
According to Nasser (2000, p. 130), “… .” Nasser, J. (2000). The evaluative image of place. In W. Walsh, K.
Craik, & R. Price (Eds.), Person-environment psychology:
New directions and perspectives (2nd ed., pp. 117–68).
Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Compiled package— unpublished
The Gladstone Hospital’s learning package compiled by Dawson (2009) outlines the rules for epidural injections.
Dawson, A. (Comp.). (2009). Gladstone health service epidural
learning package: Epidural self directed learning package.
Gladstone, Qld: Gladstone Hospital.
Compiled textbook or learning package using various sources— published
It is important to use sources effectively (CQUniversity, 2010).
CQUniversity. (Comp.). (2010). ESSC11004 Study and research
skills for health science. Sydney, NSW: McGraw Hill
Australia.
Note: If you are using a chapter from a compiled book use the same format as Chapter in an edited book using (Comp.) for compiler instead of (Ed.) for editor.
One volume of multivolume work
Dawson and Browning (1986) highlighted a case where …
Dawson, P., & Browning, M. C. (Eds.). (1986). The world at war:
Vol. 3, The Asian conflict. Hammondsport, NY: Penguin.
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One issue in a series that does not have regular publication dates
The study concluded “…” (Healey, 1999, p. 4).
Healey, K. (Ed.). (1999). Issues in society: Recycling. 114.
Wentworth Falls, NSW: Spinney Press.
No date can be established
Lansdowne (n.d.) found that … OR It was found (Lansdowne, n.d.) that …
Lansdowne, M. (n.d.). Bridging courses. Rockhampton, Qld: Central
Queensland University.
The date can be established but only approximately
In a draft policy release, the Queensland Education Department (c. 1995) suggested that …
Queensland Education Department. (c. 1995). Draft policy on school
discipline. Gladstone, Qld: Author.
A translation of a foreign language book
“I spent a few months in that city where the spirit of freedom and tolerance agreed with me” (Poulin, 2009, p. 18).
Poulin, J. (2009). Translation is a love affair. (S. Fischman, Trans.).
Brooklyn, NY: Archipelago Books. (Original work published
in 2006)
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Book review Kellman (2009) gives short shrift to Poulin’s idea that ...
Kellman, S. G. (2009). Translation’s trail [Review of the book
Translation is a love affair, by J. Poulin]. American Book
Review. Retrieved from
http://americanbookreview.org/sampleReview.asp?Issue=13&
id=28
Referring to an author (primary reference) read about in another publication (secondary reference)
Note: Try to locate and use the primary source if possible.
Simpson (1975, as cited in Cole, 1992, p. 71) stated that “… .” OR Simpson’s observations in 1975 (as cited in Cole, 1992) led to … OR Learning is a process of association and development (Simpson, 1975, as cited in Cole, 1992, p. 71) whereby students progress by incremental steps … OR Cole (1992, p. 71), in reporting Simpson’s study, stated “… .”
Cole, P. (1992). Teaching and learning. Yeppoon, Qld: Capricorn
Press.
Note: Include only the author of the secondary source (i.e., where you read about the primary source) in the reference list. You do not need to include the primary source in your reference list.
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Referring to two primary references within one secondary reference
Heath and Johnson (as cited in Morris, 1998, p. 25) stated that “… .”
Note: Morris is the author of the secondary source so his name will appear in the reference list.
Morris, M. (1998). Critical reflection on distance education.
Brisbane, Qld: Goprint.
Book available as a CQUniversity Course Resource Online (CRO)
Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy (2000). … Huffman, K., Vernoy, M., & Vernoy, J. (2000). Psychology in action
(5th ed.). New York, NY: J. Wiley & Sons.
Note: Treat the resource as a print one.
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Electronic version of a print book (e.g., Kindle or Google books)
Gesser (2001) points out …
Judaism, Christianity and Islam share many … (Peters, 2003).
According to Ochs (2004, p. 55) …
Gesser, H. D. (2001). Applied chemistry: A textbook for engineers
and technologists [Kindle Edition]. Retrieved from
http://www.amazon.com
Peters, F.E. (2003). The monotheists: The words and will of God
(Vol. 2). Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books
Ochs, S. (2004). A history of nerve functions: From animal spirits to
molecular mechanisms [ebrary Reader version]. Retrieved
from http://www.ebrary.com/corp/
Note: For the electronic version of a print book, include information on the electronic edition (if available) in square brackets after the title. There is no need to include the publisher or place of publication. If there is a DOI, include it at the end. No further retrieval information is then needed. If there is no DOI, give either the full URL (Website address) or the URL of the home page from which the book is accessible.
Electronic-only book A number of examples are provided in Picture poetry for very busy teachers (n.d.).
Picture poetry for very busy teachers. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.heatherenepress.com.au
Note: This example has no author and no date. For e-books with an author and a date, these would go before the title, as for any other reference.
26
Electronic version of a republished book
The seminal work of Rorschach (1921/2007) on psychodiagnostics is …
Note: Give both the date the work was originally published and the date of the version you are using, with the original publication date first.
Rorschach, H. (2007). Psychodiagnostics. In P. Lemkau & B.
Kronenberg (Eds. & Trans.), Psychodiagnostics: A diagnostic
test based on perception (5th ed.). Retrieved from
http://books.google.com/books (Original work published
1921)
Chapter in an edited e-book
Bartelds, Heidi, McFeat, and Boller (2004) describe the basic principles of …
Bartelds, G., Heidi, J.H., McFeat, J., & Boller, C. (2004).
Introduction. In W.J. Staszewski, C. Boller, & G.R.
Tomlinson (Eds.), Health monitoring of aerospace structures
(pp. 1–28) [PDF for Digital Edition]. Retrieved from
http://www.ebooks.com/ebooks/book_display.asp?IID=17504
8
Electronic book chapter with DOI
According to Baranski (2011), … Baranski, J. V. (2011). Sleep loss and the ability to self-monitor
cognitive performance. In P. L. Ackerman (Ed.), Cognitive
fatigue: Multidisciplinary perspectives on current research
and future applications (pp. 67–82). Washington, DC, USA:
American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/12343-003
27
e-Book available via ACQUIRE
“It is vital if quality and technology are … outcomes at individual and institutional levels” (McConachie, Singh, Danaher, Nouwens, & Danaher, 2008, p. 2).
In subsequent entries use McConachie et al.
McConachie, J., Singh, M., Danaher, P., Nouwens, F., & Danaher, G.
(Eds.). (2008). Changing university learning and teaching:
Engaging and mobilising leadership, quality and technology.
Teneriffe, Qld: Post Pressed. Retrieved from
http://hdl.cqu.edu.au/10018/27433
e-Book chapter available via ACQUIRE
According to O’Neill, Knight, and WalkerGibbs (2005), the role …
O'Neill, P., Knight, B. A., & Walker-Gibbs, B. (2005). Issues for
teacher education in an information age: The role of collegial
learning. In B. A. Knight, B. Walker-Gibbs & A. G. Harrison
(Eds.), Researching educational capital in a technological
age (pp. 203–218). Teneriffe, Qld: Post Pressed. Retrieved
from http://hdl.cqu.edu.au/10018/18930
28
Journals
Journal articles In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list
Journal article with a DOI, any medium (e.g. online, available via Discover it!, or in print)
According to Shariff (2011), …
Shariff, J. F. (2011). Navigating assisted death and end-of-life care.
CMAJ, 183(6), 643–644. doi:10.1503/cmaj.091845
Note: The DOI number is all that is needed as a location point.
Journal article with no DOI available via Discover It! or other Library database
The importance of adequate chemical protective clothing … (Gavenith, den Hartof, & Martini, 2001).
Gavenith, G., den Hartog, E., & Martini, S. (2011). Heat stress in
chemical protective clothing. Ergonomics, 54(5), 497–507.
Retrieved from http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/terg
Note: If a journal article does not have a DOI number, give the home page URL of the journal itself – do not include Discover it!
Electronic journal article without a DOI
According to Andrew and Romova (2012), … Andrew, M., & Romova, Z. (2012). Genre, discourse and imagined
communities: The learning gains of academic writing
learners. Journal of Academic Language and Learning, 6(1).
Retrieved from http://journal.aall.org.au/
Note: If a journal article does not have a DOI number, give the home page URL of the journal itself. You may have to search for this.
29
Journal articles In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list
A stand-alone document that is not part of a journal or book but found within the following Library databases: JBI COnNECT+, MIMS Online, and ERIC.
One strategy to treat a pressure ulcer is … (Griggs, 2008).
Anamorph is a form of morphine, a narcotic used for pain relief (MIMS Australia, 2003).
Vanlint and Nugent (2006) go on to say …
Griggs, K. (2008). Evidence summary: Chronic wound management.
http://connect.jbiconnectplus.org/default.aspx
MIMS Australia. (2003). Anamorph.
https://www.mimsonline.com.au/Search/Search.aspx
Vanlint, S., & Nugent, M. (2006). Vitamin D and fractures in people
with intellectual disability. http://www.eric.ed.gov/
Note: Give the home page URL of the publisher website (you may have to search for this), not the database name or URL.
Journal article, one or two authors (print)
Peterson and Schmidt (1999) maintain that … Peterson, J., & Schmidt, A. (1999). Widening the horizons for
secondary schools. Journal of Secondary Education, 3(8), 89–
106.
Note: 3 refers to the volume and (8) to the number or issue. The final numbers (89–106) are the page numbers on which the article begins and ends.
30
Journal articles In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list
Journal article, three to five authors (print)
Note: The use of et al. shown here is the same for both print and electronic journal articles.
Vlaanderen, Vermeulen, Heederik, and Kromhout (2008) set out some guidelines …
For Vlaanderen et al. (2008), the application of these guidelines is …
Note: Give all authors’ names the first time the resource is mentioned in text. For second and subsequent references, give only the first author’s name, followed by et al.
Vlaanderen, J., Vermeulen, R., Heederik, D., & Kromhout, H.
(2008). Guidelines to evaluate human observational studies
for quantitative risk assessment. Environmental Health
Perspectives, 116(12), 1700–1705.
Note: Give all authors’ names in the reference list.
Journal article with six authors
Note: The use of et al. shown here is the same for both print and electronic journal articles.
According to Dietz et al. (2007, p. 1517), …
Note: Give only the first author’s name followed by et al. from the first time the resource is mentioned in text.
Dietz, P. M., Williams, S. B., Callaghan, W. M., Bachman, D.
J., Whitlock, E. P., & Hornbrook, M. C. (2007). Clinically
identified maternal depression before, during, and after
pregnancies ending in live births. American Journal of
Psychiatry, 164(10), 1515–1520. Retrieved from
http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/
31
Journal articles In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list
Journal article, more than six/seven authors.
Note: The use of et al. shown here is the same for both print and electronic journal articles.
In research by Iwakiri et al. (2009), it was found that …
A quantitative methodology was used … (Iwakiri et al., 2009).
Iwakiri, A., Ganmyo, H., Yamamoto, S., Otao, K., Mikasa, M.,
Kizoe, S., … Oka, A. (2009). Quantitative analysis of fecal
sapovirus shedding: Identification of nucleotide substitutions
in the capsid protein during prolonged excretion. Archives of
Virology, 154(4), 689–693.
Note: If there are six/ seven authors, all the names are given in the reference list. If there are eight or more authors, give the names of the first six authors followed by an ellipsis (three dots) and the name of the last author.
Journal article, no volume or issue number (print)
Growth at all costs is “no longer a viable option” (Sprague & Shameen, 1999, p. 50).
Sprague, J., & Shameen, A. (1999, July 31). Boosting growth,
courting disasters? Asiaweek, 50–51.
Note: If there are no volume or issue numbers, include the date of publication, month or season with the year.
Journal article published seasonally (print)
The Southern Bell Frog is fighting for survival as water dries up in the lower Murray-Darling Basin wetlands (Beemster, 2008).
Beemster, M. (2008, Spring). Saving the Southern Bell Frog. Australian
Landcare, 27–29.
32
Magazine or newsletter article (no volume or issue number) (print)
“Aerobic” writing is a writing centre strategy designed to provide exercises for students to improve their writing (Chandler-Crisp, 1988).
Chandler-Crisp, S. (1988, May). “Aerobic” writing: A writing practice model. Writing Lab Newsletter, pp. 9–11.
Journal article, no author (print)
Recent theories suggest solar power may be competitive (“Building theories”, 1999).
Building theories on sand. (1999). Science, 285, 521.
Note: If there is no author, give the title in place of the author. If the title is long, give only the first few words in your in-text reference.
Article from a freely available online journal
McIntosh (2001) puts forward an argument that …
McIntosh, S. (2001). A critical writing pedagogy: Who benefits?
Queensland Journal of Educational Research, 17(2), 152–
153. Retrieved from http://www.iier.org.au/qjer/qjer.html
Note: Give the Web address of the home page of the journal.
Journal article not yet formally published but accepted for publication
Wall and Morgan (in press) argue that climate change associated with global warming represents a huge challenge to the next generation.
Wall, R., & Morgan, E. (in press). Veterinary parasitology and
climate change. Veterinary Parasitology.
Note: As the article has not yet been formally published, no date, volume, issue or page numbers can be provided.
33
Journal article from CQUniversity Course Resources Online (CRO)
Panksepp, Herman, Vilberg, Bishop, and DeEskinazi (1980) pointed out ….
Panksepp, J., Herman, B. H., Vilberg, T., Bishop, P., & DeEskinazi,
F. G. (1980). Endogenous opioids and social behavior.
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 4, 473–487.
Note: This item is only available electronically to CQUniversity staff and students so reference as a print article.
Reports
Reports In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list
Report (print)
According to Kitson, Conroy, Kuluski, Locock, and Lyons (2013), …
Kitson et al. (2013) argue that …
Note: When there are three, four or five authors, give all authors’ names in your first in-text reference and use just the first author’s name followed by et al. for any subsequent references.
Kitson, A., Conroy, T., Kuluski, K., Locock, L., & Lyons, R. (2013).
Reclaiming and redefining the fundamentals of care:
Nursing’s response to meeting patients’ basic human needs
[Research Report No. 2]. Adelaide, South Australia:
University of Adelaide.
34
Reports In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list
Report (online) (individual author)
Non-formal learning can occur in a variety of settings (Trewin, 2003, p. 16).
Trewin, D. (2003). Measuring learning in Australia: A framework for
education and training statistics. Retrieved from the
Australian Bureau of Statistics website:
http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/DetailsPage/42
13.02003?OpenDocument
Note: If the author of the report is not the publisher, identify the publisher as part of the retrieval statement in the form: Retrieved from Agency Name website: http://www.xxxxxxxx
Report (online) (corporate author)
Recent data shows that an eighth of the world’s population suffers from hunger (United Nations, 2013).
United Nations. (2013). The Millennium Development Goals report
2013. Retrieved from
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/report-2013/mdg
report-2013-english.pdf
Note: Use minimal capitalisation for the title of a report, but always capitalise proper nouns (as in this example).
35
Conference papers
Conference papers In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list
Conference paper in published proceedings (print)
Kell (2006, p. 20) contends that “… .” Kell, P. (2006). Equality of opportunity in new times: The politics of
learning and the learner in the new world disorder. In
Proceedings of 4th International Lifelong Learning
Conference: Partners, pathways, and pedagogies (pp. 17–25).
Yeppoon, Qld: CQUniversity Australia.
Note: If the year the paper was presented differs from the year it was published, give the year of publication.
Conference paper published online
The interactive classroom is becoming the primary learning and teaching interface in primary schools all over Australia (Willis, 1996).
Willis, S. (1996). Interface into interactivity: Technologies and
techniques. Paper presented at the Australian Computers in
Education Conference. Retrieved from
http://www.spirit.com.au/ACE96/papers/canberra.htm
36
Unpublished paper presented at a conference or meeting
The problems caused by salinity include … (Smith & Jones, 1999).
Smith, J., & Jones, P. (1999, February). Salinity issues facing
Australian farmers. Paper presented at the Australian Farmers
Federation Conference, Perth, WA.
Note: Cite the year and month the paper was presented.
University materials
University materials In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list
Study Guide (author known)
Similarly, Cleary (2009, p. 66) reported that “… .”
Cleary, S. (2009). NURS12141—Nursing in a medical environment:
Study guide. Rockhampton, Qld: CQUniversity Australia.
Study Guide (author unknown)
A recent report (CQUniversity, 2009) has suggested that …
CQUniversity Australia. (2009). EDCU11021—The arts: Study
guide. Rockhampton, Qld: Author.
Note: If the author and the publisher are the same, use the word “Author” where the publisher’s name would go.
37
University materials In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list
Text reprinted in a book of selected readings for distance education students (resource materials)
In a review of the situation, Mantik and Kang (2005, p. 249) suggested that “… .”
Mantik, S., & Kang, D. (2005). Genetics and altered responses. In D.
Brown, H. Edwards, S. Mantik, M. M. Heitkemper, & D. D.
Dirksen (Eds.), The contemporary midwife (pp. 237–474).
Reprinted in CQUniversity Australia, 2009, MDWF29001
The contemporary midwife: Resource materials (Reading 3–
1, pp. 1–39). Rockhampton, Qld: Author.
Note: Give full details of the primary source and then make it clear that it has been reprinted for a student resource book.
Tutorial/Workshop Handout (unpublished)
The importance of aerobic exercise (The respiratory system, 2008) …
The respiratory system (2008, March 2). Tutorial handout distributed
in the course HMSC11005—Human Anatomy, at
CQUniversity Australia, Gladstone, Qld.
Lecture notes (unpublished)
It is expected that the first teaching day may result in mixed emotions (Thompson, 2008).
Thompson, R. (2008, April 2). The first day experience. Lecture notes
distributed in the course EDFE11010—Professional Practice
III, at CQUniversity Australia, Bundaberg, Qld.
38
University materials In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list
Lecture material – non-print (e.g., whiteboard notes, OHT notes, lecturer’s statements)
In a lecture (SCIE11007 Introductory Science) presented at Central Queensland University, Mackay, on April 17, 2001, Dr J. Watson suggested that …
This should not be included in the reference list.
Document available on Moodle
Smith (2005) demonstrates that … Smith, G. (2005). Folk, festivals and the state. In Singing Australian:
A history of folk and country music (Chap. 4). Melbourne, Vic:
Pluto Press Australia. Retrieved from CQUniversity e-courses,
CULT20024 Cultural Production of Popular Music,
http://moodle.cqu.edu.au
Lecture notes available on Moodle
According to Smith (2008) … Smith, J. (2008, January 18). Three sociological theories. Retrieved
from CQUniversity e-courses, HIST1013 History of Ideas,
http://moodle.cqu.edu.au
Message posted to a Moodle discussion group
In a post to the course website, Brown (2009) pointed out that…
Brown, T. (2009, September 6). Re: Classroom management
[Electronic discussion group message]. Retrieved from
CQUniversity e-courses, EDED11449 Principles of University
Learning, http://moodle.cqu.edu.au
39
University materials In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list
PowerPoint slides available on Moodle
Dickinson (2008) sets out the elements of … Dickinson, C. (2008). Contemporary management theory [PowerPoint
slides]. Retrieved from CQUniversity e-courses, MGMT11011
Introduction to Management, http://moodle.cqu.edu.au
Screencast To set up a document in APA style, a number of variations must be made to a standard Word file (Peakdavid, 2009).
Peakdavid. (2009). APA format citations—sixth (6th) edition
[Screencast presentation]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9pbUoNa5tyY&annotation
_id=annotation_384875&feature=iv
Government & Legislation
Government & Legislation
In-text referencing Model to follow in the reference list
Government publication
A recent government study (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 1999) reported that …
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (1999). Regional statistics.
(Cat. No. 1313.8.). Canberra, ACT: Author.
40
Government & Legislation
In-text referencing Model to follow in the reference list
Government report (print)
A government report (Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody [RCADC], 1990) found that … . It was further suggested at an investigation that … (RCADC, 1990).
Note: Give the common title or acronym in brackets with the first reference. Subsequent references use only the common title/acronym.
Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (RADC).
(1990). Report of the inquiry into the death of Ronald Mack,
by Commissioner D. J. O’Shea. Canberra, ACT: Australian
Government Publishing Service.
Government report (online)
A draft study of course choices revealed that “There were no significant gender differences in the reasons respondents chose to study engineering” (Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations (DEEWR), 2008, para. 1).
Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations
(DEEWR). (2008). Views of engineering students— Report
of final year university engineering students in Australia
[Draft report]. Retrieved from http://www.dest.gov.au/
Note: Instead of a lengthy URL address, if the site has a search function give the URL of the home page.
41
Government & Legislation
In-text referencing Model to follow in the reference list
Websites from the same author, same year
According to Queensland Health (2000a), involuntary assessment …
According to Queensland Health (2000b), an involuntary treatment order …
According to Queensland Health (2000c), patients’ rights are …
Queensland Health. (2000a). Involuntary assessment [Fact sheet no.
2]. Retrieved from
http://www.health.qld.gov.au/mha2000/documents/factsheet2.
pdf
Queensland Health. (2000b). Involuntary treatment [Fact sheet no.
3]. Retrieved from
http://www.health.qld.gov.au/mha2000/documents/factsheet3.
pdf
Queensland Health. (2000c). Patients’ rights [Fact sheet no. 7].
Retrieved from
http://www.health.qld.gov.au/mha2000/documents/factsheet7.p
df
Queensland Syllabus document (print)
Queensland Studies Authority (QSA, 2002) is the …
According to the Queensland Studies Authority (QSA, 2002, p. 17), “… .”
Queensland Studies Authority (QSA). (2002). The arts: Years 1 to 10
syllabus. Brisbane, Qld: Author.
42
Government & Legislation
In-text referencing Model to follow in the reference list
Queensland Syllabus document (online)
Queensland Studies Authority (QSA, 2002) was …
Queensland Studies Authority (QSA). (2002). The arts: Years 1 to 10
syllabus. Retrieved from http://www.qsa.gov.au/
Queensland Syllabus document on CDROM
Queensland Studies Authority (QSA, 2002) …
According to the Queensland Studies Authority (QSA, 2002, p. 11), “ … .”
Queensland Studies Authority (QSA). (2002). The arts: Years 1 to 10
syllabus [CD-ROM]. Brisbane, Qld: Author.
Education Queensland document with no date (print)
Education Queensland (n.d.) …
Education Queensland (n.d., p. 11) asserts “… .”
Education Queensland. (n.d.). The code of school behaviour: Better
behaviour better learning. Brisbane, Qld: Queensland
Government.
Education Queensland document with no date (online)
Education Queensland (n.d.) has published a …
Education Queensland. (n.d.). The code of school behaviour: Better
behaviour better learning. Retrieved from
http://education.qld.gov.au/studentservices/behaviour/index.ht
ml
43
Government & Legislation
In-text referencing Model to follow in the reference list
Standards Australia This complies with AS4458-1997 (Standards Australia, 1997).
Standards Australia. (1997). Australian standard: Pressure
equipment—manufacture (AS4458–1997). North Sydney,
NSW: Standards Australia.
Legislation It must be realised that intent must be established before a prosecution can proceed concerning underage drinking (Queensland State Liquor Act 1962, s.12(5)).
Queensland State Liquor Act 1962 (Qld).
44
Electronic sources
Other electronic sources
In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list
Document on the World Wide Web (dated and author or sponsor given)
Lamp (2007) noted that … OR
Research into socioeconomic status needs further attention (MacArthur & MacArthur, 2008). OR
The community levy to fund the service is collected by electricity retailers and suppliers in Queensland (Queensland Ambulance Service [QAS], 2010).
Lamp, J. (2007). Citation styles for electronic media. Retrieved from
http://lamp.infosys.deakin.edu.au/index.php?page=cite
MacArthur, J. D., & MacArthur, C. T. (2008). Research network on
socioeconomic status and health. Retrieved from
http://www.macses.ucsf.edu/News/NEWS.html
Queensland Ambulance Service (QAS). (2010). Community
ambulance cover levy. Retrieved from
http://www.ambulancecover.qld.gov.au/
Note: 1: Web addresses are not underlined. Note: 2: Retrieved dates are only needed if the content on the Web page is likely to change—for example, if it is updated or archived regularly.
45
Other electronic sources
In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list
Document on the World Wide Web (author or sponsor given but not dated)
United States Department of Agriculture (n.d.) recommends observing the five food groups diet … OR Adherence to the five food groups… (United States Department of Agriculture, n.d.).
United States Department of Agriculture. (n.d.). What's in this booklet
for me? Retrieved from
http://www.pueblo.gsa.gov/cic_text/food/food
pyramid/main.htm
Document on the World Wide Web (no author/sponsor)
As stated in “Citing or referencing electronic sources of information” (2010), …
Note: Always check the validity of a site that has no author or sponsor. The use of such sites is discouraged.
Citing or referencing electronic sources of information. (2010).
Retrieved from http://www.apastyle.org/learn/index.aspx
46
Primary source on the Web
Florence Nightingale wrote to Sir Benjamin Brodie to ask him to advise Elizabeth Blackwell on her future career (Nightingale, 1859/2011).
Note: Give the year the source was originally published as well as the year it was published on the Web in your in-text reference.
Nightingale, F. (2011). Letter to Sir Benjamin Brodie, February 13.
Retrieved from
http://clendening.kumc.edu/dc/fn/brodie1.html (Original work
published 1859)
Note: Give the year the document was first published/produced in brackets at the end of the reference.
Audio or video podcast
Bell and Phillips (2008) explain the science behind… OR
In a video podcast, Scott (2007) demonstrates …
Bell, T., & Phillips, T. (2008, May 6). A solar flare [Audio file].
Science @ NASA. Retrieved from
http://science.nasa.gov/podcast.htm
Scott, D. (Producer). (2007, January 5). The community college
classroom [Episode 7] [Video file]. Adventures in education.
Retrieved from http://www.adveeducation.com
Wiki Payments are based on the ability of the worker to find employment in a partial capacity: a worker who has lost an arm can still find work as a proportion of a fully-able person (Kiff, 2009, p. 1).
Kiff, J. (2009). Workmen’s compensation insurance. Retrieved
January 28, 2007, from
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Psychometric_assessment
Note: Use retrieval date as wiki entries can often change or disappear.
47
YouTube iMindmap (2007) sets out the basic principles of mind mapping…
iMindMap. (2007, Jan 8). Maximise the power of your brain: Tony
Buzan mind mapping [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MlabrWv25qQ
Note: If there is no author/sponsor given, use the title of the video in place of the author. Do not use the name of the person who posted the video online as the author, unless they also produced the video.
Blog post According to Moore (2009), ... Moore, C. (2009, August 8). Why you want to focus on actions, not
learning objectives [Web log post]. Retrieved March 5, 2011,
from http://blog.cathy-moore.com/2009/08/why-you-want-to
focus-on-actions-not-learning-objectives/
Note: This may not be a permanent source so put in retrieval date.
Message posted to a newsgroup, online forum, or discussion group
Ho’s (2009) response to the report was vehement.
Ho, C. (2009, November 25). Re: The UN report on conditions for
Indigenous Australians [Discussion group message]. Retrieved
from
http://www.indigenoushealth.com.au/discussion/message/65
Note: If the discussion group is on a Moodle course, give the course code and name and the URL of the e-courses website.
48
Computer software Miller (1993) designed a simulation … Miller, M. E. (1993). The Interactive Tester (Version 4) [Computer
software]. Westminister, CA: Psytrek Services.
Specialised sources
Specialised sources In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list
Brochure where the author is also the publisher
WesternXposure (2010) promises tourists an exploration of the beautiful coral coast of Western Australia.
WesternXposure. (2010). 5 Day Exmouth to Perth Safari WX
[Brochure]. Perth, WA: Author.
Pamphlet Centrelink (2009) suggested that … Centrelink. (2009). Online services: Your quick access to Centrelink
[Pamphlet]. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government.
Magazine “Mobile phones were supposed to liberate us” (Legge, 2005, p. 28).
Legge, K. (2005, May 28–29). Upwardly mobile. Weekend Australian
Magazine, p. 28.
49
Newspaper article with an author
Barker (2009) reported that … Barker, I. (2009, February 23). What does the student association do
for you? Pipeline, p. 16.
Newspaper article available on the Web
Brody (2007) canvasses a number of options for …
Brody, J. E. (2007, December 11). Mental reserves keep brain agile.
The New York Times. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com
Note: To avoid non-working URLs, provide the URL of the newspaper’s homepage.
Newspaper article available via Library database, e.g., Factiva, Newspaper Source Plus
The Queensland Budget outlined … (Ironside, Wardill, & MacDonald, 2012, p. 7).
Ironside, R., Wardill, S., & MacDonald, A. (2012, May 25). Budget
moves spread widely. Courier Mail, p. 7.
Note: Reference as a print article.
Daily newspaper article with no author
Local doctors have alerted the public to a strain of flu which is causing misery … (“New flu strain”, 2009).
New flu strain “resistant to medication”. (2009, March 3). The
Morning Bulletin, p. 15.
Online newspaper article with no author
A report in The Australian (“Babies born”, 1996) revealed that the economic situation was responsible for the …
Babies born and not raised. (1996, September 1). The Australian.
Retrieved from http://www.australian.aust.com/australian/cgi
bin/news
50
DVD and Video recordings
Similarly, in An inconvenient truth (Bender, David, & Guggenheim, 2006), …
Bender, L., & David, L. (Producers), & Guggenheim, D. (Director).
(2006). An inconvenient truth [DVD recording]. Shailia Park,
NSW: Paramount Home Entertainment.
Note: Substitute [Video recording] when appropriate.
Television series The Good Wife series is an American legal drama (King & King, 2009).
King, R., & King, M. (Producers). (2009). The good wife [Television
series]. New York, NY: CBS Entertainment.
Television broadcast U.S. mid-term elections were discussed in a special segment on Fox News Sunday, November 1 (Wallace, 2010).
Wallace, C. (Producer). (2010, November 1). U.S. mid-term elections.
Fox News Sunday [Television broadcast]. New York, NY: Fox
Entertainment Group.
Television advertisement
Cadbury (2010) has launched an advertisement for its new product Bliss as being one for the ladies.
Cadbury. (2010). Cadbury Bliss [Television advertisement]. London,
UK: Fallon.
51
Image from an Electronic source
The painting of The equatorial jungle, by Rousseau (1909) in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC is much admired.
Rousseau, H. (Artist). (1909). The equatorial jungle [Painting].
National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. Retrieved from
http://www.nga.gov/fcgi-bin/tinfo_f?object=46688
Image in a printed source
The magic of images in the work of Henri Rousseau are reproduced in this collection (Morris & Green, 2006).
Rousseau, H. (Artist). (2006). The ship in the storm [Painting].
Muséé de l'Orangerie, Paris. In F. Morris & C. Green (Eds.),
Henri Rousseau: Jungles in Paris. New York, NY: Abrams.
(Original work created 1896)
Photograph with author
Gilbert’s photo (2010) pictures the new look that California is trying to pitch to young tourists.
Gilbert, A. (Photographer). (2010). California’s new tourism ad
campaign [Photograph]. Retrieved from
http://article.wn.com/view/2010/10/08/Californias_new_touris
m_ad_campaign_features_Kim_Kardashian_/
Photograph with no author
This photo captures all the mystery of an eastern woman (Japanese Geisha, 2006).
Japanese Geisha [Photograph]. (2006). Retrieved
from http://www.bergoiata.org/fe/divers28/Japanese_Geisha.j
pg
52
Radio interview Norris (1997) described the melting of the ice packs in the Antarctic …
Norris, D. (1997, January 6). The greenhouse report [Radio
broadcast]. ABC Radio National.
Note: You need to have the transcript if you wish to quote from this broadcast.
Radio transcript (online)
According to Smith (1998), the healing properties of lavender …
Smith, H. (1998). Medicine in Chaucer’s time. Ockham’s razor. ABC
Radio National Transcripts. Retrieved
from http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ockham/or110898.htm
Film/Movie The realistic portrayal of relationships was challenged … (Wright, Fellner, Webster, & Bevan 2005).
Wright, J. (Director), & Fellner, E., Webster, P., & Bevan, T.
(Producers). (2005). Pride and prejudice [Motion picture].
Universal City, CA: Focus Features.
Music recording – CD The song Someone saved my life tonight (Taupin, 1975, track 9) was a hit for Elton John.
Taupin, B. (1975). Someone saved my life tonight [Recorded by
Elton John]. On Captain fantastic and the brown dirt cowboy
[CD]. London. UK: Big Pig Music.
53
Music recording – MP3
The song Someone saved my life tonight (Taupin, 1975/2009) was a hit for Elton John.
Note: If the date of digitisation was different from the recording date, give both dates in the in-text reference.
Taupin, B. (2009). Someone saved my life tonight [Recorded by
Elton John]. [MP3]. (1975). Retrieved from
http://www.apple.com/itunes
Note: If the date of digitisation was different from the recording date, give the date the song was originally recorded in round brackets after the publication information.
Facebook August 24, 2007 represented the one year anniversary of Pluto’s demotion (When I was your age … , 2009).
When I was your age, Pluto was a planet. (2009). In Facebook
[Group page]. Retrieved from
http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=2207893888
Twitter President Obama announced the launch of the American Graduation Initiative (BarackObama, 2009a).
BarackObama. (2009, July 15). Launched American graduation
initiative to help additional 5 mill. Americans graduate
college by 2020: http://bit.ly/gcTX7 [Twitter post].
Retrieved from
http://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/2651151366
Audio cassette In Plum Blossom (1990), it is claimed that entertainers live a very complex life.
Plum blossom. (1990). [Cassette Recording No. WS8871]. Hakodate,
Japan: White Swan Audio and Video Publishing House.
54
Encyclopædia with editor (print)
One definition of jazz (Sadie, 1980) positions it as …
Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove encyclopædia of music and
musicians (6th ed., Vols. 1–20). London, UK: Macmillan.
Encyclopaedia entry with author (print)
According to Bergmann (1997), the newly categorised disorders include Attention Deficit Disorder.
Bergmann, I. (1997). Attention deficit disorder. In The new
Encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501–508). Chicago, IL:
Encyclopedia Britannica.
Encyclopaedia entry with author (online)
The art of advertising such a product is to impress consumers with … (Bailey & Lane, n.d.).
Bailey, R., & Lane, M. (n.d.). Campbell Soup Company. In
Encyclopedia of major marketing campaigns. Retrieved from
http://findgalegroup.com
Online encyclopaedia or dictionary article available via a Library database, e.g., Oxford Reference Online, Credo Reference
A pressure sore is “an ulcerated area of skin caused by continuous pressure on part of the body” (“Pressure sore”, 2010, para. 1).
“Pressure sore.” (2010). In Concise medical dictionary. Retrieved
from Oxford Reference Online.
55
Encyclopaedia entry, no author (online)
The climate and topography are formidable obstacles to any invader (“Afghanistan”, 2007).
Afghanistan. (2007). In J. Maher (Ed.), Europa world plus. Retrieved
from http://www.europaworld.com
Encyclopædia entry on CD-ROM (with an author)
Harrison (1996) suggests that … Harrison, A. (1996). Global warming. Microsoft Encarta 96
encyclopædia [CD-ROM].
Note: Treat sections within the CD-ROM like chapters in a book.
Encyclopædia entry on CD-ROM (no author)
As noted in “Acid Rain” (1996), … Acid rain. (1996). Microsoft Encarta 96 encyclopædia [CD-ROM].
Note: Treat sections within the CD-ROM like chapters in an edited book.
Atlas (with an editor) The position of the new city is to be in south east Queensland (Eales, 2003, Map 34).
Eales, S. (Ed.). (2003). The Jacaranda atlas (3rd ed.). Brisbane, Qld:
John Wiley & Sons.
Dictionary The Australian Concise Oxford Dictionary (1999, p. 1425) defines a throw-away society as one which …
The Australian concise Oxford dictionary (3rd ed.). (1999).
Melbourne, Vic: Melbourne University Press.
Dictionary (online) The Oxford Dictionaries define inclusion as . . . (“Inclusion”, 2012, p. 1).
Inclusion. (2012). In Oxford dictionaries. Retrieved from
http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/inclusion?q=inclusion
56
The Bible These particular lines (Psalms 23: 6–8) refer the reader to …
Note: References to the Bible and other classical works are not usually included in a reference list because they can be readily sourced.
Personal Communications
In a telephone conversation on 17 July, 1999, Petty … OR Evidence given (H. Petty, personal communication, July 17, 1999) … OR In an email communication on 10 June, 1995, Wren …
Note: Personal communications such as conversations, letters and personal email messages, are not usually included in a reference list because they are classed as unrecoverable data (unless specifically requested by your lecturer).
Radio news broadcast The discovery was first announced on 4BU News (February 14, 2000).
Note: News broadcasts are not usually included in a reference list.
Thesis (unpublished)
Herbert-Cheshire (1997) argues that … Herbert-Cheshire, L. (1997). Living by the sea (Unpublished honours
thesis). Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Qld.
References American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the
American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Arnold, J., Silvester, J., Patterson, F., Robertson, I., Cooper C. L., & Burnes, B. (2005). Work
psychology: Understanding human behavior in the workplace (4th ed.). Harlow,
London, UK: Pearson Education.
Nursing & Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA). (2008a). Code of ethics for nurses in
Australia. Retrieved from http://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes
Guidelines-Statements/Codes-Guidelines.aspx
Nursing & Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA). (2008b). Code of professional conduct
for nurses in Australia. Retrieved from
http://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/Codes
Guidelines.aspx
Beemster, M. (2008, Spring). Saving the Southern Bell Frog. Australian
Landcare, 27–29.
CQUniversity Academic Board. (2009). Plagiarism. Retrieved from
http://handbook.cqu.edu.au/Handbook/terminology.jsp?id=632
Danaher, P. (Ed.). (1998). Beyond the Ferris wheel. Rockhampton, Qld: CQU Press.
Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. (2008). Views of
engineering students—Report of final year university engineering students in
Australia [Draft report]. Retrieved from:
http://www.dest.gov.au/sectors/higher_education/publications_resources/profiles/vie
ws_engineering_students.htm
Kassin, S. (2004). Psychology (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
58
Lamp, J. (2007). Citation styles for electronic media. Retrieved from
http://lamp.infosys.deakin.edu.au/index.php?page=cite
Mann, S. (2010, July 16). After three months, oil gusher plugged, says BP. The Age.
Retrieved from http://www.theage.com.au/environment/conservation/after-three
months-oil-gusher-plugged-says-bp-20100716-10cyn.html?autostart=1
Nightingale, F. (1859/2011). Letter to Sir Benjamin Brodie, February 13. Retrieved from
http://clendening.kumc.edu/dc/fn/brodie1.html
Nightingale, F. (1858). Notes on nursing: What it is, and what it is not. London, UK:
Harrison and Sons.
Queensland Studies Authority (QSA). (2002). The arts: Years 1 to 10 syllabus [CD-ROM].
Brisbane, Qld: Author.
Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (RCADC). (1990). Report of the
inquiry into the death of Ronald Mack, by Commissioner D. J. O’Shea. Canberra,
ACT: Australian Government Publishing Service.
Stultz, J. (2006). Integrating exposure therapy and analytic therapy in trauma treatment.
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(4), 482–488. doi:10.1037/0002
9432.76.4.482
Taines, C. (2008). A practical guide to writing for psychology. Sydney, NSW: McGraw Hill.
Turner, J. C. (2006a). Mind in the organisation environment. In P. A. M. Van Lange (Ed.),
Bridging social psychology: Benefits of transdisciplinary approaches (pp. 139–14).
Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Turner, J. C. (2006b). Tyranny, freedom and social structure. British Journal of Social
Psychology, 45, 41–46.
Wall, R., & Morgan, E. (in press). Veterinary parasitology and climate change. Veterinary
Parasitology. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com
59
Wyn, J., & White, R. (2008). Youth and society (2nd ed.). Sydney, NSW: Oxford University
Press.
60
Appendix A—Table format Note: This format is for those using APA formatting style in addition to APA referencing. Usually, this applies only to students studying psychology. If in doubt, check with your lecturer.
Table A1 Student Evaluation of Course (SEC) Data – 2007–2010 2007 2008 2009 2010 Respondent rate 17% (23) 15% (37) 15% (24) 14% (24) 22% (29) 25% (47) 54% (46)
35% (58)
Student evaluations of course score
5.1 / 7 4.1 / 7 5.1 / 7 4.7 / 7 5.3 / 7 5.6 / 7 6 / 7 (High RIB ranking)
6 / 7 (High RIB ranking)
Campus 1
Campus 2
Campus 1
Campus 2
Campus 1
Campus 2
Campus 1
Campus 2
1 = Unacceptable through to 7 = Excellent.
Note: Tables 1. A table formed from your own information will not need a source. 2. A table taken from the work of another author needs to be sourced.
The caption goes above the table—on the next line use italics for the title of the table—have a look.
If the table is in the text then it is Table 1. If it is in an appendix then it takes the appendix letter, Table A1.
The source is included as a Note: below the table.
Example: From a book—full details of the source go underneath the table using the following format.
Note: Title of Book (p. xx), by A. T. Author and T. P. Author, year, Place of Publication: Publisher.
Table 1 Examples of medical problems
And underneath the table:
Note: Preterm birth: Causes, consequences and prevention (p. 149), by R. E. Behrman and A. S. Butler (Eds.), 2007. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Example: From a journal article—full details of the source go underneath the table using the following format.
Table 2 Model of hope relationships
61
And underneath the table:
Note: Hope and social support as resilience factors against psychological distress of mothers who care for children with chronic physical conditions, by T. V. Horton and J. L. Wallander, 2001, Rehabilitation Psychology, 46, p. 387.
62
Appendix B—Figure format
Peer Review System Distribution for marking
Weekly Submission Peer Review System
Peer Review System Distribution for Scores
Weekly Assessment Submission of Journals
Weekly Assessment Tasks
Plagiarism Checking
Weekly Reading Material in PFD Format
Course
Figure B1. An overview of the elements of the course
Note: Figures 1. If the figure is done from your own information then no source is required.
2. If you get the information from another source then you must source the figure.
The caption goes beneath the image with the source credited at the end of the caption (Publication Manual, pp. 158–167). Italicise the word Figure and the number: Figure 1. If the figure is in an appendix then it takes the appendix letter and the number: Figure B1. Example from a journal article: Figure 1. Name of the image. From Title of Article, by A. A. Author, year, Title of Journal, volume, p. Figure 1. Model of hypothesized relationships. From Hope and social support as resilience factors against psychological distress of mothers who care for children with chronic physical conditions, by T. V. Horton and J. L. Wallander, 2001, Rehabilitation Psychology, 46, p. 386. Example from a book: Figure 2. Name of image. From Title of Book (p. xx), by A. Author, year, Place of Publication: Publisher. Figure 2. Examples of maternal medical problems. Adapted from Preterm birth: Causes, consequences, and prevention (p. 149), by R. E. Behrman and A. S. Butler (Eds.), 2007, Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
63
Index
&
& · 14
A
alphabetical · 18 ampersand · 14 and · 14 APA website · 9 Appendices · 12 Article in a journal, no volume or issue number (print) · 31 Atlas · 55 Audio cassette · 53 Australian publications · 8 Author prominent · 5 author-date system · 5
B
bibliography · 9 Blog post · 47 Book Chapter available from CQUniversity Course Resources Online · 24 Book review · 23 Brochure · 48
C
capitalisation · 10 CD · 52 CD-ROM · 42 Chapter in an e-book from CQUniversity ACQUIRE · 27 Chapter in an edited e-book · 26 Chapter in edited work · 21 chronologically · 17 citing · 6 compiled by the editor · 20 Compiled package unpublished · 21 Compiled textbook · 21 Computer software · 48 Conference paper - online · 35 conference paper - print · 35 Conference paper - unpublished · 36 Course Resources Online · 33 CQUni Library Discover It · 11 CQUniversity · 33 CQUniversity Course Resources Online · 33 CQUniversity’s Plagiarism Procedures · 6
D
Daily newspaper · 49 Dictionary · 55 Dictionary (online) · 55 different authors with the same surname · 18
64
differentiate between works in the same year · 18 Digital Object Identifier · 10 Direct quotations · 8 Discover it! · 28 DOI · 10 DOI number · 28 Double quotation marks · 6 DVD · 50
E
E-book · 25, 27 Edited work · 20 Edition · 19 Education Queensland document with no date (online) · 42 Education Queensland documents · 42 eight or more authors · 31 Electronic book chapter with DOI · 26 electronic sources · 5 Electronic version of a republished book · 26 Electronic-only book · 25 Encyclopædia · 54 Encyclopædia entry on CD-ROM (no author) · 55 Encyclopædia entry on CD-ROM (with an author) · 55 Encyclopaedia entry with author (online) · 54 Encyclopaedia entry, no author (online) · 55 Encyclopedia entry with author (print) · 54 et al. · 15, 16, 30, 31 expulsion · 6
F
Facebook · 53 Figures · 62 Film/Movie · 52 formatting your reference list · 9 full stop · 14
G
Government publication · 39 Government report · 40
H
Handbook · 19 headers · 12 headings · 8
I
Image from an Electronic source · 51 Image in a printed source · 51 in press · 32 Information prominent · 6 in-text referencing · 5 issue · 10 Issue numbers · 11 italics · 6
65
J
JBI COnNECT+, MIMS Online, and ERIC · 29 journal · 10 Journal – online · 32 Journal article (in print) · 10 Journal article available via Discover It! · 28 Journal article from CQUniversity Course Resources Online · 33 Journal article not yet formally published · 32 journal article with a DOI · 10 Journal article with no DOI (electronic) from a database, CRO or a pdf file · 11 Journal article with six authors. · 30 Journal article without a DOI · 28 Journal article, more than six/seven authors. · 31 Journal article, no author (print) · 32 Journal article, one or two authors (print) · 29 Journal article, three to five authors (print) · 30 journal published seasonally · 31
K
Kindle · 25
L
Lecture material – non-print · 38 Lecture notes · 37 Lecture notes available on Moodle/e-courses · 38 Legislation · 43
M
Magazine · 48 Magazine or newsletter article (no volume or issue number) (print) · 32 MIMS · 19 minimal capitalisation · 7 Moodle discussion group · 38 Moodle/e-courses · 38 More than seven authors · 16 more than six authors (or editors) · 16 MP3 · 53 multiple references · 19 Multiple works · 17, 18 multivolume work · 21
N
n.d. · 22 newsletter · 11 Newspaper article · 49 Newspaper article available on the Web · 49 Newspaper article available via Library database, e.g., Factiva, Newspaper Source Plus · 49 no author’s name · 20 No author’s name and no sponsoring body · 20 No date can be established · 22 no page numbers · 8 number examples · 12 number of the paragraph · 8 numbers · 12
66
O
oldest reference first · 17 One author · 14 Online encyclopaedia article available via a Library database, e.g., Oxford Reference Online, Credo Reference · 54 online forum · 47 Online newspaper article with no author · 49
P
page numbers · 5, 6, 8 Pamphlet · 48 paragraph numbers · 8 Paraphrase · 6 peer reviewed · 7 Personal Communication · 56 Photograph with author · 51 Photograph with no author · 51 Plagiarism · 6 PMID number · 28 podcas · 46 PowerPoint slides available on Moodle/e-courses · 39 previous assessment tasks · 12 primary reference · 23 primary source · 23 Primary source · 18, 46
Q
Queensland Syllabus document [hard copy] · 41 Queensland Syllabus Documents · 42 Quotations of 40 or more words · 7
R
Radio Interview · 52 Radio News broadcast · 56 Radio transcript · 52 reference · 5 reference list · 5, 9, 18 referencing · 5, 6 Report (online) (corporate author) · 34 Report (online) (individual author) · 34 Report (print) · 33 Resource materials · 37
S
Screencast · 39 Second or later edition · 19 secondary reference · 23, 24 series · 22 Several sources are cited at the same time · 19 sic · 8 single quote marks · 7 six authors (or editors), · 16 six or seven authors · 31 Six or seven authors · 16 sponsoring body · 20 sponsoring organisation · 20
67
Standards · 43 Student Misconduct and Plagiarism policy · 6 Study Guide · 36 summarise · 5
T
Television advertisement · 50 Television broadcast · 50 Television series · 50 The Basics of APA Style · 9 The Bible · 56 The date can be established but only approximately · 22 Thesis · 56 Three authors to five authors · 15 translation · 22 Twitter · 53 Two authors · 14 two primary reference · 24
U
Unpublished materials · 12 URL references · 11 US publications · 8 Use figures · 12
W
Websites from the same author same year · 41 Wiki · 46 with · 17 Workshop Handout · 37 World Wide Web · 44, 45 World Wide Web (no author/sponsor) · 45
Y
YouTube · 6, 47