Title/Author (year)/ Journal Lai, P.-H., Hsu, Y.-C., & Nepal, S. K. (2013). Representing the landscape of Yushan National Park. Annals of Tourism Research, 43, 37-57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.03.004 Research propose This research paper was applied to social representations theory as a theatrical framework to examine the representations of Yushan National Park from the perspectives of two tourism stakeholders ( indigenous local community and the national park service) Research questions/ Hypotheses (1) How was YNP represented by these two stakeholder ? (2) What territorial expressions were used by them to mark valued territories in the park? (3) Whether and how might conflicting and shared representations and territorial expressions contribute to or hinder a partnership between them? Theory Social representations theory Social representation theory is a social psychological framework of concepts and ideas to study psychosocial phenomena in modern societies. A social representation is understood as the collective elaboration "of a social object by the community for the purpose of behaving and communicating" (Moscovici, 1963, p. 251). ).Within SR framework, YNP has been established as a form of territory that the territorial expressions are exposed and the identity to be protected. Data/sample period Methodologies Key variables Sampling was guided by SR theory .Two-stakeholder groups of Yushan, including the Bunun residents of in Dongpu and full time park employees were interviewed. First group : ( Dongpu Bunun) Choosing this sample because most Dongpu Bunun share with one another the same cultural origin, social norms, and worldview ingrained in their cultural practices, traditional beliefs, and daily interactions with one another. (Snowball and purposive) 16 Bunun residents (13 males and 3 females) between 25 and 88 years of age were interviewed. they were included in the community group due to their sharing of similar knowledge system and personal experiences in relation to Yushan with the other community informants. This decision was also made because they displayed more commonalities in their representation of Yushan with Dongpu Bunun than with the park service informants. Second group: Through purposive sampling, 12 informants were selected from 80 formal government employees of YNP. All park service informants were non-indigenous except one who identified himself as belonging to a Bunun sub-group different from Dongpu Bunun. Methodologies :Interviewing ( Interpretive ) The analytic focus of SR is on ‘‘what people mean as they engage in the task of making sense of the world in which they live and communicate with others about it’’ Findings 1,While both groups share certain representations of Yushan, they are discordant in other　representations. For most park managers, the significance of Yushan　resides in its natural landscape that has become integrated into their　self-identity. For the community informants, the interconnectedness　between nature and culture ingrained in their day-to-day life is what　signifies Yushan as a symbol of their cultural and community identity.　These representations have contributed to their expectation that Yushan　should remain protected especially from tourist consumption． 2, Meanwhile, our study findings also reveal the dynamic nature of representations driven by the shifting context that surrounds the community, park service, and Yushan, and experiences accumulated from interacting with one another. It is in part revealed in the heterogeneous representations and territorial expressions by the community informants of different ages. 3, Furthermore, collaborative arrangements need to be designed to engender a sense of self-efficacy or the beliefs that Bunun’s involvement will contribute to meaningful and improved management. Implications (e.g., How do the paper’s results/procedures apply to your research topic? ) This research utility of integrating the theoretical perspectives of social representations and territoriality to explore the nuances in the meanings that tourism and national park stakeholders ascribed to YNP and associated territorial implications. This information facilitates a better understanding of the behavioural consequences of representations and territorial expressions that can be incorporated into mechanisms designed to enhance collaborative partnerships. For my research , in methodology part, I will make sure the sample have the same self-identity,the people will share with one another the same cultural origin, social norms, and worldview ingrained in their cultural practices, traditional beliefs, and daily interactions with one another. 2. Title/Author (year)/ Journal Lai, P. H., Hsu, Y. C., & Wearing, S. (2016). A social representation approach to facilitating adaptive co-management in mountain destinations managed for conservation and recreation. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(2), 227-244. doi:10.1080/09669582.2015.1062018 Research propose The utility of SR theory for ACM arrangements is examined using a case study that explores the representations of the mountain landscape within Yushan National Park (YNP) in Taiwan from the perspectives of three resource user groups: committed mountaineers, professional guides, and mountain tourists. Research questions/ Hypotheses （1）understanding the nature and processes of representation existing within and across resource user groups; (2) identifying resource management problems and opportunities for ACM based on this understanding, and discussing associated implications. Theory Social representations theory. SR theory provides a theoretical lens through which to understand the discourse of plural interests and normative beliefs relating to mountain landscapes in the social worlds of mountaineering and mountain tourism ACM (Adaptive co-management) provides one approach to addressing the sustainability challenge faced by social-ecological systems located within mountain destinations managed for recreation and conservation. Data/sample period Methodologies Key variables Criterion and snowball sampling were applied to recruit three recreation user groups of Yushan, including CMs, PGs, and MTs. Four criteria derived from the preceding mountaineering and mountain tourism literature, including mountaineering experience, affiliation with a mountaineering entity, economic dependence on mountain tourism, and use of a commercial service when visiting Yushan, were applied to recruit the study participants. Snowball sampling was then used to expand the informant pool by asking informants to recommend other potential study participants. Methodology: Findings This research shows that controversial and sometimes contradictory representations (i.e. natural/unnatural, sacred/secular, self/other) can become problematized within and between individuals who may or may not belong to a social world that evolves through a historical and social context, and may not always be shared by outgroup members. Implications (e.g., How do the paper’s results/procedures apply to your research topic? ) Thema One: natural vs. unnatural/Theme One: Yushan characterized by its natural environment. I can do results analysis in natural environment s, because my research area is in Shangri-La. The place also has many natural landscape that supported conversation and recreation. Sustainable tourism also considered in natural environment. I could ask my informants, as a natural environment, how do you represent sustainable tourism in natural environment in Shangri-la ? Thema Two: sacred vs. secular/Theme Two: Yushan manifested through its symbolic meanings I can do results analysis like this because Shangri-la is like “paradise “as the symbolic meanings. I can interview people and ask them how do they represented Shangri-la as a sacred place from the concept of sustainability. 3, Title/Author (year)/ Journal Lai, P.-H., Morrison-Saunders, A., & Grimstad, S. (2017). Operating small tourism firms in rural destinations: A social representations approach to examining how small tourism firms cope with non-tourism induced changes. Tourism Management, 58, 164-174. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2016.10.017 Research propose The purpose of our study was to examine how STF （small tourism firms）owners and managers cope with external changes by understanding the representation that they ascribe to their rural destination and how non-tourism induced changes interfere with this representation and motivate their coping responses. Below we first present the characteristics of STFs and the main source of external changes that can challenge STF operations. The Social Representations (SR) Theory that guides our study is then introduced. Research questions/ Hypotheses RQ1 : what is the representation that STF owners and managers ascribe to their rural destination? This research question aims to understand how STF owners and managers make sense of the world within their rural destination. RQ 2: How do changes driven by external forces affect STF owners' and mangers' representation of the destination? In other words, how do they make sense of external changes that can impact the destination and the world with which they are familiar? RQ3 : how do STF owners and managers cope with the external changes that have unwanted impacts on their representation? Theory Social representations theory. SR theory recognises the agency of individuals as social actors to cope with incongruent meanings when a valued representation is thematised due to changes that in turn can motivate coping in order to challenge, accommodate, or adapt to the new environment arising from such changes. Data/sample period Methodologies Key variables Sample: 18 semi-structured interviews were conducted in July 2013 from Gloucester that involved 12 individuals and 6 couples (i.e., 24 informants). Together, the informants owned and managed 21 accommodation properties, accounting for 50% of the area's small accommodation businesses. Methodologies : semi-structured interviews. Step 1 of analysis focused on establishing the representation shared by our informants to provide insight into Research Question 1. Step 2 corresponded to Research Question 2 and involved determining whether and how the shared representation established in Step 1 was affected and transformed by the informant identified changes that were external to the area's core tourism system. Step 3 was devoted to examining Research Question 3 and included enumerating the coping actions employed by the informants whose representation of Gloucester was problematised due to external changes and factors that interfered with coping. Findings Our findings reveal that many STF owners/managers become involved in the accommodation sector primarily motivated by lifestyle goals. These goals are closely linked to what the destination is represented as a place and what it has to offer to them as residents and STF owners/managers. The destination is represented primarily as a natural landscape and rural community with desired qualities. Through interactions with the area for a period oftime, the area has become home to a sense of place attachment, self-identity, and community. The four themes that comprise the representation serve as anchors to guide STF owners' and managers' vision and expectations for their business and the future development of the area. Implications (e.g., How do the paper’s results/procedures apply to your research topic? ) It could understand major stakeholder’s attitudes toward sustainable tourism that I am interviewing . According to the SR theory, how we represent the world guides our attitudes and behaviors toward the world. According to the theory, stakeholder’s representation of sustainable tourism likely influences their attitudes toward sustainable tourism and their practices related to sustainable tourism. and also consider thematisation/problematisation as it motivates coping due to external changes and factors. 4， Title/Author (year)/ Journal Suess, C., & Mody, M. (2016). Gaming can be sustainable too! Using Social Representation Theory to examine the moderating effects of tourism diversification on residents' tax paying behavior. Tourism Management, 56, 20-39. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.03.022 Research propose The present study uses Social Representation Theory as the conceptual basis to test the moderating effects of the various types of proposed tourism development on residents' willingness to pay higher taxes to support such development. Research questions/ Hypotheses H1: A higher economic dependence on tourism would lead to more favorable perceptions of tourism's positive economic impact. H2: A higher economic dependence on tourism would lead to more favorable perceptions of tourism's positive social impact. H3: A higher economic dependence on tourism would lead to more favorable perceptions of tourism's positive environmental impact. H4: A higher level of community attachment would lead to more favorable perceptions of tourism's positive economic impact. H5: A higher level of community attachment would lead to more favorable perceptions of tourism's positive social impact. H6: A higher level of community attachment would lead to more favorable perceptions of tourism's positive environmental impact. H7: Higher ecocentric attitude towards tourism would lead to less favorable perceptions of tourism's positive economic impact. H8: Higher ecocentric attitude towards tourism would lead to less favorable perceptions of tourism's positive social impact. H9: Higher ecocentric attitude towards tourism would lead to less favorable perceptions of tourism's positive environmental impact. H10: Residents who perceive higher positive economic impact will support both gaming and alternative tourism development. H11: Residents who perceive higher positive social impact will support only alternative tourism development, and not gaming development. H12: Residents who perceive higher positive environmental impact will support only alternative tourism development, and not gaming development. H13: Residents who indicate higher support for gaming tourism development will be willing to pay higher taxes to support tourism development in their communities. H14: Residents who indicate higher support for alternative tourism development will be willing to pay higher taxes to support tourism development in their communities. Theory Based on the efficacy of using social representation theory as a tool to explain the social construction of tourism, which manifests in the destination communities' attitudes and behaviors towards the phenomenon, the authors developed the conceptual model presented Theoretical model based on the social representation theory. Data/sample period Methodologies Key variables The study data was collected using a survey based on a review of related research and in the Las Vegas region rural communities who were 18 years or older. A sample size of between 300 and 400 was estimated in order for surveys to yield results that are generalizable at ± 5.0 percentage points at the 95% confidence interval. The primary means of data collection was telephone interviews conducted by the UNLV Cannon Survey Center. The sample was purchased from Survey Sampling Inc. Methodology : (Quantitive) In the first section of the survey, Respondents were asked to indicate on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Much Worse, 5 =Much Better) to what extent each of the twelve impact items would either improve or worsen as a result of increased tourism to the community. In the second section, respondents were asked about the three intrinsic factors that serve as the antecedents of residents' perceptions of tourism impacts by 5-point Likert scale. Data analysis consisted of several stages. First, descriptive statistics and distributions were assessed. Second, exploratory factor analysis was performed on the tourism impact items by using a principal component analysis procedure with orthogonal varimax. Third, confirmatory factor analysis was performed across the seven models to validate the constructs used. Finally, structural equation modeling using Stata 13.0 (maximum likelihood method) was conducted to test the proposed conceptual model. Key variables: Findings A higher economic dependence on tourism and higher levels of community attachment led to more favorable perceptions of tourism's economic and social impacts. The economic impacts, in turn, resulted in a willingness to pay higher taxes, irrespective of the type of tourism development proposed by the Las Vegas authorities. Implications (e.g., How do the paper’s results/procedures apply to your research topic? ) The results suggest that rural communities reinforce a hegemonic social representation of tourism in order to characterize the ethos of capitalist urbanism that pervades the economic development discourse. The residents' social construction of tourism has important implications for tourism planners in the region and suggests the adoption of an inclusive tourism diversification strategy that leverages both gaming and alternative tourism. This research provides a different way to view the literature review part, I will consider to divided social representation theory as three parts like this literature: social representation theory and resident perceptions, social representation theory and rurality, and theatrical model based on social representation theory. In methodology part, it is using quantitive to examine the moderating effects of the various types of proposed tourism development on residents' willingness to pay higher taxes to support such development based on SR theory. I would like to consider using a mixed method in my research.