TU100-15J My digital life End-of-module assignment (EMA) Contents End-of-module assignment (EMA) 2 Context 2 The tasks 3 Task 1 (40 marks) 3 Task 2 (50 marks) 5 Task 3 (40 marks) 11 Task 4 (40 marks) 12 Task 5 (40 marks) 13 What to submit 15 Appendix A 16 References 31 WEB 044042 9 Copyright © 2015 The Open University End-of-module assignment (EMA) If you would like to print this document out then please use the PDF format document available from under the 'View downloads' node below the Contents pane on the left of the screen. This end-of-module assignment must be submitted as TU100 TMA 30 by 12 noon (UK local time) on 31 May 2016. This module uses the online TMA/EMA service for submission of the EMA. You can access this system through your StudentHome page. If you're using the PDF version of this EMA, please remember the formatting is very basic. As a result you will need to use the online version to see formatting more clearly and to access any links and image descriptions. You can find instructions on the electronic submission process in the booklet Information for students submitting examinable work electronically, which is available online at http://www2.open.ac.uk/students/_data/ documents/assessment/online-ema-guidelines.pdf. The booklet also contains information about the University's policies and procedures regarding the submission of examinable work. Please read it carefully and take note of those items which directly concern you. Important – help with EMA questions As always, please read and follow all the advice given in the TMA questions and guidance section of the TU100 website before answering the questions here. However, note that the EMA is marked out of 250 and then rescaled to 100, so there will be 210 marks available for the questions and a further 40 marks allocated for demonstrating key skills and practical/professional skills associated with the learning outcomes for TU100. You may want to refer back to the specific skills feedback given to you by your tutor on your TMAs, as this will give you an idea of where you could gain more marks for the EMA. Context OpenInnovations is a technology transfer company which will lead the proposal stage of a major project aimed at exploring the medical applications of Wireless Body Area Networks. For now, the project will be limited to 'on-body' (as opposed to 'in-body') applications. The focus is on heart disease, although future projects may look at other leading causes of death and other non-medical applications. The project will be run in collaboration with a number of stakeholders, including academics, a private technology company, funding agencies both public and private, and the UK National Health Service (NHS). One of the funding agencies is involved in health projects in Central Asia where heart disease is a leading cause of death. End-of-module assignment (EMA) 2 The project is seeking to recruit a new employee who will provide a bridge between the various stakeholders and also provide administrative support. You have applied for the job and have reached the second stage of the application process. The five tasks that follow have been set by the project manager to assess your suitability for the role, and your answers to them will make up your EMA submission. The tasks Task 1 (40 marks) Part 1 (30 marks) Appendix A, which you will need to read, contains extracts from an article on Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN). A reference to the full article is provided but the article is too long and technical for the purposes of this task, so you do not need to read the full article. The following two two tables contain comparative data for the United Kingdom and the Republic of Uzbekistan. Table 2 is deliberately incomplete. Table 1 UK and Uzbekistan: economy and health United Kingdom Uzbekistan Population 63 million (2013) 29 million (2013) Population living in urban areas 82% (2013) 36% (2013) Per capita GDP $35760 (2013) $5340 (2013) HDI (2013 rank out of 187 countries)5 14 116 Leading cause of death Heart disease (13.5%) Heart disease (34.2%) Probability of dying before age 70 Males 32% Females 22% Males 69% Females 55% Health spending per capita $3495 (2013) $221 (2012) Source: World Health Organization (2015) and UNDP (2014) Table 2 UK and Uzbekistan: internet and phone communications United Kingdom Uzbekistan Internet usage % Secure internet servers Average broadband download rate Fixed broadband Internet subscribers Mobile phone subscriptions You are required to write a short report on the use of WBANs in combatting heart disease. The target audience is professional and/or degree educated but you must not assume they have expertise in computing and IT. Your report must have the following parts: (i) Introduction 3 The tasks (ii) A briefing on WBANs, in which you summarise the content of the edited paper in Appendix A. (iii) Table 2 completed using the latest available data taken from the Wolfram|Alpha website (see Activity 34 in Block 6 Part 1 for more information on Wolfram|Alpha). (iv) A discussion of the appropriateness of using WBAN technology to address the problem of heart disease, in the context of the United Kingdom. (v) A discussion of how Uzbekistan compares to the UK when considering the appropriateness of using the same technology for the same purpose. (vi) Conclusion (vii) A glossary in which you explain what is meant by the terms: ◦ IEEE 802.15.6 standard ◦ bit rates ◦ kb/s and Mb/s. (viii)References Guidance on Task 1 Part 1 Remember that the term 'appropriate technology' is defined in Block 6 Part 1: you will need to draw on this and on the wider discussion on the digital divide given in Block 6 Part 1. Some other parts of the module are also relevant and you can use the search facility on the module website to help you to research your answer. There is no need for you to reproduce Table 1 but it will be relevant to your answer and you may refer to it in your report. Use Table 1, the completed Table 2, and the article in Appendix A as the main non-TU100 sources for your report. Fully reference any non-TU100 sources, including any quotes you use from the article in Appendix A. Your answer to Part 1 of Task 1 must be no more than 1100 words in total, and we suggest around 200 words for part (ii) and 750 words in total for parts (iv) and (v). The completed Table 2, glossary and references will not be counted as part of the word limit. Part 2 (10 marks) OpenInnovations are seeking to recruit a new employee to provide a bridge between the various stakeholders and also provide administrative support. The original job advertisement states that applicants will be required to: . liaise with the technical staff . report back to the project board on the progress of the project . provide news items for posting on stakeholder websites and for use as press releases End-of-module assignment (EMA) 4 . advise on data handling aspects. Using the 'Key skills' and 'Practical and professional skills' learning outcomes listed before each Part of each Block, explain to the selection panel how your study of TU100 has prepared you to successfully meet any TWO of the four job requirements given above. Guidance on Task 1 Part 2 You must review the Career development section of the TU100 website and remind yourself of the skills you have developed and displayed in your studies. Note especially the section entitled 'What employers are looking for' and the video podcast produced by OU's Careers Service at http://bit. ly/1UYIfjC mentioned in the news feed on the module website. Employers frequently report that candidates lack awareness of the sector they are applying to work in, and the kind of research you will be doing here is intended to demonstrate your skills and help you to stand out from other candidates. Your answer to Part 2 of Task 1 must be no more than 200 words in total. Task 2 (50 marks) Introduction OpenInnovations are interested in developing new health monitoring software systems to be used by health workers in projects in Central Asia. One particular system is concerned with heart health; specifically, monitoring intervals between heartbeats. It will include a sensor attached to the body, detecting heartbeats. The software will measure time intervals between heartbeats, record summary data, and display signs according to whether the data is within specified parameters. You have been asked to create a prototype of this system using Sense and your SenseBoard. For this prototype the Stage will display the signs and the SenseBoard button will be used to simulate heartbeats. The program The Sense file TU100_EMA_Start.sb is provided in the 'Supporting files for EMA' folder on the 'Assessment resources' page of the module website. With your SenseBoard connected, open this file in Sense and ensure that the SenseBoard is detected. Look at the three sprites, Amber, Red and Green, whose purpose is to display flashing signs. The scripts for each of these sprites are provided. Select each sprite in turn and see what its scripts do (execute each script by double-clicking on it). Next, turn to the Stage and look at the script we have provided. It is headed by a when_green_flag_clicked hat block. It starts by deleting a text file, EMAfile.txt, and hiding each of the sprites. 5 The tasks It then controls the rest of the program by repeatedly (until the program is stopped) broadcasting messages. There are four of these messages and in each of Parts 1-4 you will create a script for the Stage to respond to one of them. In summary, each responding script will do the following. . The script that responds to the monitorHeartBeats message will detect a certain number of heartbeats. The user will specify the number of heartbeats and will then simulate each heartbeat by pressing the SenseBoard button. The script will calculate the time interval between each successive pair of heartbeats and record each interval in a list. . The script that responds to the calculateMaxInterval message will calculate the maximum of all the time intervals in the list. . The script that responds to the recordData message will record the current time and the maximum time interval in the text file EMAfile. txt. . The script that responds to the display message will display a flashing sign on the Stage, the colour of which will depend on the value of the maximum time interval. After all four messages have been broadcast, the program waits for 5 seconds before returning to the top of the loop and sending the sequence of messages again. Part 1 (8 marks) Creating the script First create a script for the Stage to handle displaying a sign on the Stage. The script must respond when a message display is broadcast, so start by creating a hat block when_I_receive[display] for this script. This script will use a variable maxInterval which you need to create. Assume that when your script is run as part of the overall program, the value of maxInterval will already have been set to the maximum time interval. This time interval will be a positive decimal number. In response to the message display, your script must display a sign which is a circle on the Stage that flashes three times, coloured according to the value of maxInterval as follows. . A value for maxInterval greater than 4 indicates a possible significant health problem and, in this case, the flashing circle needs to be red. . A value for maxInterval greater than 2 but not greater than 4 indicates a possible moderate health problem and, in this case, the flashing circle needs to be amber. . A value for maxInterval no greater than 2 indicates no health problem and, in this case, the flashing circle needs to be green. Save your project as TU100_EMA_1_OUCU.sb, where OUCU is the OU computer username you use to log in to StudentHome e.g. (abc123). End-of-module assignment (EMA) 6 Note: these parameters are fictional. Testing To test your script use set[maxInterval]to[]blocks to set maxInterval to different positive decimal numbers. Run your when_I_receive[display] script each time by double-clicking on it and observe the Stage display. Submitting Task 2 Part 1 Ensure that your answer includes: 1 a screenshot of your when_I_receive[display] script, created using the 'save picture of scripts' facility of Sense, pasted into your word-processed answer document 2 your Sense project file TU100_EMA_1_OUCU.sb in a zip file with the rest of your EMA. Part 2 (8 marks) Save your existing project under the new name TU100_EMA_2_OUCU.sb. Creating the script Now create a script for the Stage to handle recording the current time (in hours, minutes and seconds) and the maximum time interval in the text file EMAfile.txt. The script must respond when a message recordData is broadcast so start with a suitable hat block. It must respond by writing the current time and the value of maxInterval to the text file, as a single line, as in the example below. 12:43:27 maximum time interval is 0.955 Use the variable maxInterval and assume that when your new script is run as part of the overall program maxInterval will be already have been set to the maximum time interval. Your script must not delete EMAFile.txt as this is done in another part of the program. Save your project. Useful information Recall that the Operators palette contains a block which evaluates to the current date and time. You may find it helpful to revisit Programming Exercise 42 in the Sense Programing Guide which introduces this block. Section 7.4 of the Sense Programing Guide introduces working with text files in Sense and in particular explains where such text files are located. 7 The tasks Testing To test your script use set[maxInterval]to[]blocks to set maxInterval to different positive decimal numbers. Run your new script each time by double-clicking on it and check a new, correct, line has been added to EMAfile.txt. Submitting Task 2 Part 2 Ensure that your answer includes 1 a screenshot of your new script, created using the 'save picture of scripts' facility of Sense, pasted into your word-processed answer document. 2 your Sense project file TU100_EMA_2_OUCU.sb in a zip file with the rest of your EMA. Part 3 (14 marks) Save your existing project under the new name TU100_EMA_3_OUCU.sb. Creating the script First, create the list intervalList. When your completed program runs, it will store time interval values in this list. Then create a script for the Stage which determines the maximum of all the numbers in the list intervalList, storing this number in the variable maxInterval. The script must respond when a message calculateMaxInterval is broadcast, so start with a suitable hat block. Assume that when your new script is run as part of the overall program, intervalList will already contain some time interval values as positive decimal numbers. Testing To test your script first populate intervalList with positive decimal numbers using add[]to[intervalList] blocks. Run your new script by double-clicking on it, checking the contents of intervalList and the value of maxInterval via watchers on the Stage. Do this several times with different contents for intervalList, deleting the contents when necessary using a block delete[all]of[intervalList]. Submitting Task 2 Part 3 Ensure that your answer includes: End-of-module assignment (EMA) 8 1 a screenshot of your new script, created using the 'save picture of scripts' facility of Sense, pasted into your word-processed answer document 2 your Sense project file TU100_EMA_3_OUCU.sb in a zip file with the rest of your EMA. Part 4 (20 marks) Save your existing project under the new name TU100_EMA_4_OUCU.sb. Creating the script In this part you will complete your program by creating a script for the Stage that will respond to the message monitorHeartBeats. Start with a suitable hat block. (a) The program must store the number of heart beats to be monitored in a variable numberOfHeartBeats. Create this variable now. How is the number of intervals to be recorded related to the value of numberOfHeartBeats? (Hint: consider the situation illustrated below where the number of heart beats to be monitored is 5.) 1st heart beat 2nd heart beat 3rd 4th 5th 1st interval 2nd 3rd 4th interval time (b) This script must do the following. ◦ Start by emptying the list intervalList. ◦ Ask the user, via a dialogue box such as in Figure 1, how many heartbeats they want to monitor, storing the response in the variable numberOfHeartBeats. ◦ Wait for the first heartbeat, i.e. button press and then reset the Sense timer. ◦ Then use a repeat[]{} loop to repeatedly wait for the required number of subsequent presses of the SenseBoard button, i.e. the required number of intervals, responding each time by: – adding the length of the time interval between the previous button press and the current one to intervalList – resetting the timer. ◦ Include a wait of 0.25 seconds at a suitable point, to avoid a single press of the SenseBoard button being counted more than once. Assume the user enters an integer greater than 1 in response to the dialogue box. Save your project. 9 The tasks Figure 1 Useful information Ideas from TMA 05 about measuring time intervals between button presses are relevant here. Testing Test your script by double-clicking on it, entering an integer greater than 1 as the number of heart beats, then pressing the SenseBoard button, varying the time interval between presses. Observe the contents of intervalList via a watcher on the Stage. Do this several times. Run your completed program by clicking on the green flag button at the top of the Sense window and responding as the user, checking that the program does the following repeatedly, until it is stopped (by clicking on the red stop button at the top of the Sense window). Whilst your program is running you should respond as the user, checking that the program does the following repeatedly: . asks the user how many heartbeats they want to monitor . detects the required number of button presses, storing the intervals between successive button presses in intervalList as described above . calculates the maximum time interval as in Part 3 . records the current time and the maximum time interval in the file EMAfile.txt as in Part 2 . sets the Stage display according to the maximum time interval as in Part 1. Submitting Task 2 Part 4 (a) and (b) Ensure that your answer includes: 1 a screenshot of your new script, created using the 'save picture of scripts' facility of Sense, pasted into your word-processed answer document 2 your Sense project file TU100_EMA_4_OUCU.sb in a zip file with the rest of your EMA. (c) Your program in (b) involves a repeat[]{} block. Explain briefly how your program could be amended to use a repeat_until<>{} block instead. End-of-module assignment (EMA) 10 Note: you are not expected to provide code or a screenshot, just an explanation. Task 3 (40 marks) Part 1 (21 marks) OpenInnovations is currently testing a number of different types of WBAN sensor nodes using volunteers from all over the UK. They use a spreadsheet (which is stored on a computer in their Birmingham, UK office) to keep track of who is testing what. Table 3 shows a representative sample of the data kept in a much larger spreadsheet containing thousands of rows and more columns. Table 3 FirstName LastName Email NodeId NodeName Power DataRate(bps) Iroda Karaji [email protected] ECG Electrocardiograph Low 3000 David Byers [email protected] BP Blood pressure High 10 Anita Komilova [email protected] O2 Oxygen saturation Low 32000 Francois Roubert [email protected] BP Blood pressure High 10 Francois Roubert [email protected] ECG Electrocardiograph Low 3000 David Byers [email protected] O2 Oxygen saturation Low 32000 (i) If necessary, revisit the section on databases in Block 5 Part 1. Explain why the storage of data as a 'flat database' as in Table 3 above could lead to inconsistencies and why it is inefficient. Include in your answer an example drawn from Table 3 that supports your explanation. (ii) Given the downsides of storing the data in a spreadsheet, OpenInnovations is looking for advice on how to store the data in a relational database. Identify two entities in Table 3 for which we can store information. Give the entity table for each of these entities (include sample data taken from Table 3). Briefly explain how you identified the two entities. If you added any new column(s) to the entity tables (which were not present in Table 3) explain this as well. Create one joining table that captures the relationship between the two entities you that you have identified. Your answer (excluding tables) to Part 1 of Task 3 must be no more than 300 words. Part 2 (19 marks) The data discussed in Task 3 Part 1 (illustrated by Table 3) is stored by OpenInnovations on a computer in their Birmingham office. (i) Explain how OpenInnovations should take account of the Data Protection Act (DPA). Do this by: (a) explaining in your own words what personal data is; (b) saying whether, according to the Data Protection Act, the data in Table 3 constitutes 'personal data' and explaining why; 11 The tasks (c) stating whether the use as described above constitutes 'processing' and explaining why. (ii) Using the Vigenère cipher (see Figure 10 in Block 5 Part 3) and the key NODE, produce the cipher text for the following plaintext: davidbyersbloodpressure Explain your working for the first letter in the above plaintext. (iii) Explain the principal difference between the Vigenère cipher and asymmetric ciphers. Use the following scenario in your explanation: ◦ Helen holds the original database (which is not enciphered) and has provided Munira with an enciphered copy of the database. ◦ Munira is going to use the database and needs a key for deciphering it. To answer this question, you do not need to consider the technical details of how a cipher is precisely applied to a database (or its parts) – the item that has been provided by Helen to Munira could just as well have been a text document for the purpose of this question. Focus on the principal difference between a symmetric cipher and an asymmetric cipher. Your answer to Part 2 of Task 3 must be no more than 350 words. Task 4 (40 marks) Part 1 (20 marks) (i) Solar panels are a useful source of energy to charge batteries in places such as the town of Tokmak in Uzbekistan. In a test, it is found that a rechargeable battery can be used for 120 hours supplying a current of 148 milliamps (mA). What is the capacity of the battery in amp-hours Ah? (ii) A VSAT satellite connection provides the community in Tokmak with a download speed of up to 1.0 Mbps and an upload speed of up to 512 kbps. How much time (in minutes) will it take to (a) download (b) upload a 3.2 MB photograph? Give all your answers to 3 significant figures. Part 2 (20 marks) UzComm (one of OpenInnovations partners in Central Asia) is keen to promote the benefits of solar energy to power long range wireless sensor networks in remote rural areas. A report is being prepared which will contain charts of readings from various rural and remote regions around the world. A data file called TU100_EMA_Task4.csv is provided in the Supporting file for EMA section on the 'Assessment resources' page of the End-of-module assignment (EMA) 12 module website. This file contains a sample of data collected from a weather station near the town of Tokmak. . Use either the spreadsheet tool in Google Drive, or any other spreadsheet application of your choice to produce a line chart to show the maximum and minimum temperature readings plotted against the date. . Find the formulae available in your chosen spreadsheet tool to calculate mean and standard deviation. Insert those formulae into cells in the spreadsheet so they calculate the mean and standard deviation of the minimum temperature values. . Paste an image of the line chart into your word-processed solution document. Also include in the document the mean and standard deviation of the minimum temperature values presented to 3 significant figures. . Save your completed spreadsheet as a new Excel-compatible .xls or .xslx file called TU100_EMA_Task4_OUCU.xls or TU100_EMA_Task4_OUCU.xlsx, where OUCU is the OU computer username you use to log in to StudentHome (e.g. abc123), and submit it in a zip file with the rest of your EMA. Task 5 (40 marks) You are required to use the argument mapping technique described in detail in Block 5 Part 5 to explore some of the arguments in the survey paper on wireless body area networks (Movassaghi et al., 2014 – this is the article in Appendix A). In preparation for this task, you may also want to revisit Question 17 of iCMA 56 which will allow you to practise your argument mapping skills. Part 1 (30 marks) In Part 1 you are going to analyse three brief argumentative texts on WBAN. The texts are edited extracts from several sources including Movassaghi et al. (2014). The original source materials are not provided since they are not needed to complete this task. Each of your analyses of the three texts must follow the following format: . A copy of the text that you are going to analyse. . Underline any connecting words or phrases in your copy of the text. . An analysis of the text using the 'Algorithm for constructing argument maps', as found in Block 5 Part 5. Describe your analysis level by level. As in Activities 28 and 33 of Block 5 Part 5, your analysis must consist of sections with the titles Level 0, Level 1, etc. (using as many sections as required for the analysis). There is no single correct answer: focus on demonstrating your understanding of the points that the author of the text is trying to make. 13 The tasks . The argument map for the text. You must use one of the following methods to create your map: ◦ using Freemind, as in Block 5 Part 5 ◦ using other argument mapping software to produce equivalent results ◦ producing a text-based map similar to that demonstrated in the long description of Figure 4 in Block 5 Part 5, Section 2.1 ◦ producing a hand drawn map scanned in. Whichever method you use, the map must be legible and follow the conventions you were introduced to in Block 5 Part 5. Also, append, in brackets, to each claim in your map the letter (A, B, C, …) that identifies that claim. The letters for each claim are given below. You must submit each of your three argument maps as an image or as a textual description and you must include each image as a .png or .jpg file in your zip file of answers, as well as pasting it into your word-processed solution document. If you prefer to produce text-based maps instead of diagrams, then you must paste the textual descriptions into your word-processed solution document. Each of the three texts has already been divided into claims – you must not divide it into any further or different claims. The beginning and the end of a claim are marked by '[' and ']X' respectively. You can use the subscript to refer to the claim. For example, if the text contains [Bla bla bla]C, You may want to write 'C is the main claim'. (i) [WBANs in conjunction with sensors and other devices on the human body can provide real time health monitoring.]A [For instance, a Gluecocellphone which is a mobile phone with a glucose module can be used for patients with diabetes. It receives up-to-date glucose level data which may then be stored or sent to a doctor for analysis.]B (ii) [WBANs may interact with the Internet and other existing wireless technologies like ZigBee, WSNs, Bluetooth, Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN), Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN), video surveillance systems and cellular networks.] A [Hence, marketing opportunities for services and advanced consumer electronics will thoroughly expand.]B [As a result, a new generation of more intelligent and autonomous applications necessary for improving one's quality of life may emerge.]C (iii) [Future health care systems should provide proactive wellness management and concentrate on early detection and prevention of diseases,]A [because research has shown that most diseases can be prevented if they are detected in their early stages.]B [Also, health care costs will be reduced,]C [because preventing non-fatal diseases will lead to health care savings, ]D [even though the prevention of diseases that reduce longevity increases health care costs.]E End-of-module assignment (EMA) 14 Part 2 (10 marks) In Block 5 Part 3, you learned about three guiding principles behind information security: confidentiality, integrity and accessibility. Read Section VIII 'Security in WBANs' of Movassaghi et al. (2014), up to but not including the paragraph with the heading '6. Data Freshness'. Then answer the following questions. When answering these questions, make sure that you explain how the principles of confidentiality, integrity and accessibility apply to WBANs. Address your explanation to someone who is not familiar with these concepts. (i) What are the roles of the people that are involved and what is the nature of the information? (ii) What approach is proposed for maintaining confidentiality? (iii) What approach is proposed to achieve integrity? (iv) Who requires accessibility and how can this be achieved? Your answer to Task 5 (Part 2) must be no more than 200 words. What to submit As a reminder, here is a list of the files you need to submit for your EMA: . your word-processed solution document, containing: ◦ your written answers to Tasks 1–5 ◦ pictures of the relevant scripts, as mentioned in Task 2, produced by the 'save picture of scripts' facility built into Sense and pasted into your word-processed solution document ◦ an image of the chart for Task 4 pasted into your word-processed solution document ◦ images or text (depending on how you produced them) of the three argument maps for Task 5, pasted into your word-processed solution document. . the four Sense project files you completed for Task 2 (TU100_EMA_1_OUCU.sb to TU100_EMA_4_OUCU.sb) where the OUCU is your OU computer username (e.g. abc123) . the spreadsheet file you completed for Task 4 (TU100_EMA_Task4_OUCU.xls or TU100_EMA_Task4_OUCU.xlsx) where the OUCU is your OU computer username (e.g. abc123) . if you've used software such as Freemind or scanned drawings to produce the three argument maps for Task 5, submit those as .jpg or . png image files as well as pasting them into your word-processed solution document. All these files must be contained within the single zip file that you submit via the online TMA/EMA service. 15 The tasks Appendix A The extract in this appendix is taken from: Movassaghi, S., Abolhasan, M., Lipman, J., Smith, D. and Jamalipour, A. (2014) 'Wireless Body Area Networks: A Survey', Communications Surveys and Tutorials, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 1658–86. © 2014 IEEE Recent developments and technological advancements in wireless communication, MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) technology and integrated circuits has enabled low-power, intelligent, miniaturized, invasive/non-invasive micro and nano-technology sensor nodes strategically placed in or around the human body to be used in various applications, such as personal health monitoring. This exciting new area of research is called Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) and leverages the emerging IEEE 802.15.6 and IEEE 802.15.4j standards, specifically standardized for medical WBANs. The aim of WBANs is to simplify and improve speed, accuracy, and reliability of communication of sensors/actuators within, on, and in the immediate proximity of a human body. [...] In this paper, we survey the current state-of-art of WBANs based on the latest standards and publications. Section I Introduction World population growth is facing three major challenges: demographic peak of baby boomers, increase of life expectancy leading to aging population and rise in health care costs. In Australia, life expectancy has increased significantly from 70.8 years in 1960 to 81.7 years in 2010 and in the United States from 69.8 years in 1960 to 78.2 years in 2010, an average increase of 13.5%…the number of [US] adults ranging from 60 to 80 years old in 2050 is expected to be double that of the year 2000 (from 33 million to 81 million people) due to retirement of baby boomers. It is expected that this increase will overload health care systems, significantly affecting the quality of life. Further, current trends in total health care expenditure are expected to reach 20% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2022, which is a big threat to the US economy. Moreover, the overall health care expenditures in the U.S. has significantly increased from 250 billion in 1980 to 1.85 trillion in 2004, even though 45 million Americans were uninsured. These statistics necessitate a dramatic shift in current health care systems towards more affordable and scalable solutions. On the other hand, millions of people die from cancer, cardiovascular disease, Parkinson's, asthma, obesity, diabetes and many more chronic or fatal diseases every year. The common problem with all current fatal diseases is that many people experience the symptoms and have disease diagnosed when it is too late. Research has shown that most diseases can be prevented if they are detected in their early stages. Therefore, future health care systems should provide proactive wellness management and concentrate on early detection and prevention of diseases. One key solution End-of-module assignment (EMA) 16 to more affordable and proactive health care systems is through wearable monitoring systems capable of early detection of abnormal conditions resulting in major improvements in the quality of life. In this case, even monitoring vital signals such as the heart rate allows patients to engage in their normal activities instead of staying at home or close to a specialized medical service. This can only be achieved through a network consisting of intelligent, low-power, micro and nano-technology sensors and actuators, which can be placed on the body, or implanted in the human body (or even in the blood stream), providing timely data. Such networks are commonly referred to as Wireless Body Area Networks. In addition to saving lives, prevalent use of WBANs will reduce health care costs by removing the need for costly in-hospital monitoring of patients. The latest standardization of WBANs, IEEE 802.15.6, aims to provide an international standard for low power, short range (within the human body) and extremely reliable wireless communication within the surrounding area of the human body, supporting a vast range of data rates from 75.9 Kbps (narrowband) up to 15.6 Mbps ultra wide band; for different sets of applications. This standard will be introduced in more detail in Section III. WBANs may interact with the Internet and other existing wireless technologies like ZigBee, WSNs, Bluetooth, Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN), Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN), video surveillance systems and cellular networks. Hence, marketing opportunities for services and advanced consumer electronics will thoroughly expand, allowing for a new generation of more intelligent and autonomous applications necessary for improving one's quality of life. WBANs are expected to cause a dramatic shift in how people manage and think about their health, similar to the way the Internet has changed the way people look for information and communicate with each other. WBANs are capable of transforming how people interact with and benefit from information technology. WBAN sensors are capable of sampling, monitoring, processing and communicating various vital signs as well as providing real time feedback to the user and medical personnel without causing any discomfort. The use of a WBAN allows continuous monitoring of one's physiological parameters thereby providing greater mobility and flexibility to patients. Importantly, as WBANs provide large time intervals of data from a patient's natural environment, doctors will have a clearer view of the patient's status. However, formidable technical and social challenges must be dealt with to allow for their practical adoption. These challenges offer various system design and implementation opportunities with the major objectives of minimum delay, maximum throughput, maximum network lifetime and and reducing unnecessary communication related energy consumption (e.g. control frame overhead, idle listening and frame collisions).The useroriented requirements of WBANs are equally challenging and have been defined as: ease of use, security, privacy, compatibility, value and safety. [...] 17 Appendix A Section II Applications of WBANs WBAN applications span a wide area such as military, ubiquitous health care, sport, entertainment and many other areas. IEEE 802.15.6 categorizes WBAN applications into medical and non-medical (Consumer Electronics) as can be seen in Table I. The main characteristic in all WBAN applications is improving the user's quality of life. However, the technological requirements of WBANs are application-specific. Some in-body and onbody applications are shown in Table II. Medical Applications WBANs have a huge potential to revolutionize the future of health care monitoring by diagnosing many life threatening diseases and providing real time patient monitoring. Demographers have predicted that the worldwide population over 65 will have doubled in 2025 to 761 million from the 1990 population of 357 million. This implies that by 2050 medical aged care will become a major issue. By 2009, the health care expenditure in the United States was about 2.9 trillion and is estimated to reach 4 trillion by 2015, almost 20% of the gross domestic product. Also, one of the leading causes of death is related to cardiovascular disease, which is estimated to be as much as 30 percent of deaths worldwide. Based on advances in technology (in micro-electronic miniaturization and integration, sensors, the Internet and wireless networking) the deployment and servicing of health care services will be fundamentally changed and modernized. The use of WBANs is expected to augment health care systems to enable more effective management and detection of illnesses, and reaction to crisis rather than just wellness. End-of-module assignment (EMA) 18 Table I Applications of WBANs WBAN Applications Medical Wearable WBAN Assessing soldier fatigue Aiding sport training Sleep staging Asthma Wearable health monitoring Implant WBAN Cardiovascular Diseases Cancer Detection Remote control of medical devices Ambient assisted living Patient monitoring Tele-medicine systems Non-medical Real time streaming Entertainment applications Emergency (nonmedical) Using WBANs in medical applications allows for continuous monitoring of one's physiological attributes such as blood pressure, heart beat and body temperature. In cases where abnormal conditions are detected, data being collected by the sensors can be sent to a gateway such as a cell phone. The gateway then delivers its data via a cellular network or the Internet to a remote location such as an emergency center or a doctor's room based on which an action can be taken. Additionally, WBANs will be a key solution in early diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of patients with possibly fatal diseases of many types, including diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular related diseases. Medical applications of WBANs [include the following]: [...] Sleep Staging [...] A large population is suffering from sleep disorders - an average of 27% of the world population. The consequences of such disorders can be quite severe and lead to cardiovascular diseases, sleepiness at work place and drowsy driving…Sleep disorders can be realized through a polysomnography [...] However, these measurements require a lot of cables that run from the head to a box connected to the patient's belt and interrupt the patient from falling sleep [...] WBANs are capable of delocalization of the intelligence and instruments in their sensor nodes and removal of all cables. Asthma 19 Appendix A A WBAN and accompanying sensors are capable of monitoring allergic agents in the air and providing real time feedback to a physician, which can help millions of patients suffering from asthma. Wearable Health Monitoring WBANs in conjunction with sensors and other devices on the human body can provide real time health monitoring. For instance, a Gluecocellphone which is a cell phone with a glucose module can be used for patients with diabetes. The cellphone receives glucose diagnoses from the glucose module which may then be stored or sent to a doctor for analysis. Implant WBAN This class of applications is relative to nodes implanted in the human body either underneath the skin or in the blood stream. [...] 6.4% of the world's adult population, which represent 285 million people, suffered from diabetes in 2010. This number is estimated to reach 438 million by 2030, 7.8% of the adult population. Research has shown Diabetes to result in long-term medical issues if not carefully monitored and treated. Frequent monitoring provided by WBANs is capable of reducing the risk of fainting, enables proper dosing, and eliminates risks of loss of circulation, later life blindness and more complications. Cardiovascular Diseases Cardiovascular diseases are known as the major cause of death for 17 million people annually, which can be significantly reduced or prevented with appropriate health care strategies. Myocardial Infarction (MI) can be greatly reduced by monitoring episodic events and other abnormal conditions through WBAN technology. End-of-module assignment (EMA) 20 Table II Characteristics of in/on-body applications Application Type Sensor Node Date Rate Power Consumption Privacy In-body application Glucose Few Kps Extremely Low High Pacemaker Few Kps Low High Endoscope >2 Mbps Low Medium On-body medical application ECG 3 Kps Low High SpO2 32 Kbps Low High Blood Pressure < 10 bps High Medium On-body non-medical application Music - headsets 1.4 Mbps Relatively High Low Forgotten things 256 Kbps Low Low Social networking < 200 Kbps Low High Cancer Detection Cancer death rates are estimated to increase by 50%, reaching up to 15 million by 2020. WBAN based sensors capable of monitoring cancer cells in the human body will enable physicians to continually diagnose tumors without biopsy providing more timely analysis and treatment. Remote Control of Medical Devices The ubiquitous Internet connectivity of WBANs allows for networking of the devices and services in home care known as Ambient Assisted Living (AAL), where each WBAN wirelessly communicates with a back-end medical network … AAL aims to prolong the self-conducted care of patients that are assisted in their home, minimizing the dependency on intensive personal care, increasing quality of life and decreasing society costs. [...] One key application of WBANs is its use in monitoring vital signals, as well as providing real time feedback and information on the recovery process in health monitoring applications. More specifically, they sense and wirelessly transmit vital signal measurements such as heart rate, body temperature, respiration rate, blood pressure, body implant parameters and chest sounds. WBANs are also capable of adminstration of drugs in hospitals, remote monitoring of human physiological data, aid rehabilitation and provide an interface for diagnostics. Continuous patient monitoring, and providing necessary medication when required, are considered as important development areas for WBANs. As WBANs can provide interconnection amongst various devices in or around the body such as hearing aids, digital spectacles and so on, their application could go beyond patient monitoring and also include post-treatment follow-up, pharmaceutical research, trauma care, remote assistance in accidents and research in chronic diseases. Telemedicine Systems 21 Appendix A Available telemedicine systems either use a power demanding protocol like Bluetooth, which is open to interference from other devices working in a similar frequency, or dedicated wireless channels for transferring information to remote stations. Therefore, they restrict prolonged monitoring. Whereas integrating WBANs in a telemedicine system allows for long periods of unobtrusive ambulatory health monitoring. [...] Section III History of the IEEE 802.15.6 Standard Early developments in Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) were first made in the 90s by different groups working at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Their initial aim was to interconnect information devices attached to the human body. [...] Recent developments in wireless technologies has a major focus on increasing network throughput which shifts the focus of WPANs to short range, low power and low cost technologies. Network lifetime has a greater importance in WBANs as devices are expected to perform over longer periods of time. Also, WPANs do not satisfy the medical communication requirements because of close proximity to the human body tissue. Thus, a standard model was required for the successful implementation of Body Area Networks addressing both its consumer electronics and medical applications. [...] The approved version of the IEEE 802.15.6 standard was ratified in February 2012 and describes its aim as follows: "To develop a communication standard for low power devices and operation on, in or around the human body (but not limited to humans) to serve a variety of applications including medical, consumer electronics, personal entertainment and other." Section IV Requirements of WBANS in IEEE 802.15.6 The main requirements of IEEE 802.15.6 standard are listed below: . WBAN links should support bit rates in the range of 10 Kb/s to 10 Mb/s [...] . Nodes should be capable of reliable communication even when the person is on the move. Although it is acceptable for network capacity to be reduced, data should not be lost due to unstable channel conditions. The considered applications include postural body movements relative to sitting, walking, twisting, turning, running, waving arms and dancing among others which result in the shadowing effect and channel fading [...] . All devices should be capable of transmitting at 0.1 mW (-10 dBm) and the maximum radiated transmission power should be less than 1 mW (0 dBm). This complies with the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of the Federal Communications Commission's 1.6 W/Kg in l g of body tissue. End-of-module assignment (EMA) 22 . WBANs should be capable of operating in a heterogenous environment where networks of different standards cooperate amongst each other to receive information [...] Section V Characteristics of WBANs Types of Nodes in a WBAN A node in a WBAN is defined as an independent device with communication capability. Nodes can be classified into three different groups based on their functionality, implementation and role in the network. The classification of nodes in WBANs based on functionality is as follows: Personal Device (PD) This device is in charge of collecting all the information received from sensors and actuators and handles interaction with other users. The PD then informs the user through an external gateway, a display/LEDs on the device or an actuator… Sensor Sensors in WBANs measure certain parameters in one's body either internally or externally. These nodes gather and respond to data on a physical stimuli, process necessary data and provide wireless response to information. These sensors are either physiological sensors, ambient sensors or biokinetics. Some existing types of these sensors could be used in one's wrist watch, mobile, or earphone and consequently, allow wireless monitoring of a person anywhere, anytime and with anybody. A list of different types of commercially available sensors used in WBANs are as follows: EMG, EEG, ECG, Temperature, Humidity, Blood pressure, Blood glucose… Actuator The actuator interacts with the user upon receiving data from the sensors. Its role is to provide feedback in the network by acting on sensor data, for example pumping the correct dose of medicine into the body in ubiquitous health care applications. IEEE 802.15.6 has proposed another classification for nodes in a WBAN based on the way they are implemented within the body, which is provided as follows: Implant Node This type of node is planted in the human body, either immediately underneath the skin or inside the body tissue.Body Surface Node This type of node is either placed on the surface of the human body or 2 centimeters away from it. External Node 23 Appendix A This type of node is not in contact with the human body and rather a few centimeters to 5 meters away from the human body. The classification of nodes in WBANs based on their role in the network is as follows: Coordinator The coordinator node is like a gateway to the outside world, another WBAN, a trust center or an access coordinator. The coordinator of a WBAN is the PDA, through which all other nodes communicate. End Nodes The end nodes in WBANs are limited to performing their embedded application. However, they are not capable of relaying messages from other nodes. Relay The intermediate nodes are called relays. They have a parent node, possess a child node and relay messages. In essence if a node is at an extremity (e.g. a foot), any data sent is required to be relayed by other nodes before reaching the PDA. The relay nodes may also be capable of sensing data. Number of Nodes in a WBAN In [...] drafts of IEEE standards related to technical requirements of WBANs, the number of nodes in a WBAN is stated to range from a few actuators or sensors communicating with a portable handset reaching up to tens to hundreds of actuators or sensors communicating with a gateway to the Internet. A typical medical network based on WBANs is stated to have 6 nodes with a scalable configuration that supports up to 256 nodes. [...] Although the number of nodes in a WBAN is not generally limited, due to limitations in the nature of the network in terms of communication protocols, network architecture and transmission techniques the numbers can be limited in real application scenarios. [...] Communication Architecture of WBANs The communication architecture of WBANs can be separated into three different tiers as follows: . Tier-1: Intra-Wban communication . Tier-2: Inter-WBAN communication . Tier-3: Beyond-WBAN communication Fig. 2 illustrates these communication tiers in an efficient, component-based system for WBANs. In Fig. 2, the devices are scattered all over the body in a centralized network architecture where the exact location of a device is application-specific. However, as the body may be in motion (e.g. running, walking) the ideal body location of sensor nodes is not always the same; hence, WBANs are not regarded as being static. Tier-1 End-of-module assignment (EMA) 24 Intra-Wban communication - Tier-1 depicts the network interaction of nodes and their respective transmission ranges (~ 2 meters) in and around the human body. Fig. 2 illustrates WBAN communication within a WBAN and between the WBAN and its multiple tiers. In Tier-1 variable sensors are used to forward body signals to a Personal Server (PS), located in Tier-1. The processed physiological data is then transmitted to an access point in Tier-2. Figure 2 Communication tiers in a wireless body area network Tier 2 Inter-Wban communication - This communication tier is between the PS and one or more access points (APs). The APs can be considered as part of the infrastructure, or even be placed strategically in a dynamic environment to handle emergency situations.Tier-2 communication aims to interconnect WBANs with various networks, which can easily be accessed in daily life as well as cellular networks and the Internet. The more technologies supported by a WBAN, the easier for them to be integrated within applications. The paradigms of inter-Wban communication are divided into two subcategories as follows: Infrastructure based architecture The architecture shown in Fig. 3 is used in most WBAN applications as it facilitates dynamic deployment in a limited space such as a hospital as well as providing centralized management and security control. The AP can act as a database server related to its application. 25 Appendix A Figure 3 Inter-WBAN communication: Infrastructure-Based mode Ad-hoc based architecture In this architecture, multiple APs transmit information inside medical centers as shown in Fig. 4. The APs in this architecture form a mesh construction that enables flexible and fast deployment, allowing for the network to easily expand, provide larger radio coverage due to multi-hop dissemination and support patient mobility. The coverage range of this configuration is much larger compared to the infrastructure based architecture, and therefore facilitates movement around larger areas. In fact, this interconnection extends the coverage area of WBANs from 2 meters to 100 meters, which is suitable for both short and long term setups. Tier-3 Beyond-Wban Communication - The design of this communication tier is for use in metropolitan areas. A gateway such as a PDA can be used to bridge the connection between Tier-2 and this tier; in essence from the Internet to the Medical Server (MS) in a specific application. However, the design of Tier-3 for communication is application-specific. In essence, in a medical environment a database is one of the most important components of Tier-3 as it includes the medical history and profile of the user. Thus, doctors or patients can be notified of an emergency status through either the Internet or a Short Message Service (SMS).Additionally, Tier-3 allows restoring all necessary information of a patient which can be used for their treatment. However, depending on the application, the PS in Tier-l can use GPRS/3G/4G instead of talking to an AP. End-of-module assignment (EMA) 26 Figure 4 Inter-WBAN Communication: Ad-Hoc based mode Section VI [...] Section VII Channel Model Date Rates and Power Requirements One of the main constraints in WBANs is their limited power supply. Fig. 5 shows a comparison between power requirements and data rates in WBANs compared to other wireless technologies. Accordingly, WBAN protocols require higher power efficiency when compared to the other existing protocols. The sensors in WBANs are capable of transmitting data in a wide range of data rates from 1 Kbit/s to 10 Mbit/s. In essence, the data rate of in-body nodes vary from few Kbps in a pacemaker to quite a few Mbps in a capsular endoscope. Fig. 5 shows that the current technologies meet the speed requirement of IEEE 802.15.6 in terms of data rates but not the power requirements of less than 10mW in WBANs. Currently, most devices used in WBANs store their recorded data or transmit them to a monitoring station that uses IEEE 802.15.4 (Bluetooth) or 802.15.1 (Zig-Bee), which do not meet the power requirements for WBANs. [...] 27 Appendix A Figure 5 Power requirements and data rates in WBANs Section VIII Security in WBANs Even though security issues are made a high priority in most networks, little study has been done in this area for WBANs. Additionally, due to stringent resource constraints in terms of power, memory, communication rate and computational capability as well as inherent security vulnerabilities, the security specifications proposed for other networks are not applicable to WBANs. The practical deployment of WBANs and the integration of convenient security mechanisms requires knowledge of the security requirements of WBANs which are provided as follows: 1 Secure Management - The decryption and encryption operation requires secure management at the coordinator in order to provide key distribution to wireless body area networks. The WBAN coordinator adds and removes WBAN nodes in a secure manner during association and disassociation. 2 Availability - The availability of the patient's information to the physician needs to be ensured at all times. An attack towards availability in WBANs could be capturing and disabling an ECG node leading to loss of life. Therefore, the operation, maintenance and capability to switch to another WBAN in case of availability loss is essential. 3 Data Authentication - Medical and non-medical applications require data authentication. Both WBAN nodes and the coordinator node require verification that data is being sent from the trust center and not a false adversary. Network nodes in a WBAN and the coordinator node compute End-of-module assignment (EMA) 28 a Message Authentication Code (MAC) for all data by sharing a secret key. When the correct MAC is calculated, the network coordinator will realize that the received message is being sent by a trusted node. 4 Data integrity - When data is transmitted to an insecure WBAN, its information can be altered. An adversary will then be capable of modifying a patient's information prior to reaching the network coordinator, thus endangering the patient's health and maybe even their life. Therefore, the received data needs to be assured of not being altered by an adversary through proper data integrity by using data authentication protocols. 5 Data confidentiality - Protection of data from disclosure is achievable through data confidentiality. WBAN nodes in medical applications transmit sensitive information regarding the status of a patient's health. Critical information can be overheard and eavesdropping is possible in communication, which may cause a considerable amount of damage towards a patient as the data can be issued for illegal purposes. Data confidentiality can be achieved through encryption of a patient's data via a shared key on a communication channel secured among the WBAN nodes and their coordinator. 6 Data freshness[...] One of the key techniques for secure communication in WBANs is known to be via biometrics [...] a novel biometrics technique has been proposed that uses the timing information of heartbeat as an intrinsic characteristic of the human body for authentication identity or as a method to secure cipher key distribution for inter-Wban communication as well as an identity for entity authentication [...]. The proposed security approach has less memory and computational requirements compared to the traditional cryptosystems and therefore is convenient for use in e-health and telemedicine applications of WBANs [...]. [...] A traditional approach to security in most networks is based on the public key cryptography. However, this method consumes much more resources and cannot be directly deployed for sensors in WBANs due to their considerable limitation of resources and computational capabilities. [...] Section X1 & Section X [...] Section XI Radio Technologies used in WBANs Given the complexities associated with implementing WBANs, an appropriate wireless technology is required. In essence, data being sent from a patient to a central health care system needs to have continuous awareness of the patient's vital functions to provide suitable solutions in case of alerts. Therefore, communication of WBANs with other wireless networks becomes crucial. Accordingly, the central node of a WBAN is capable of 29 Appendix A communicating with the outside world using a standard telecommunication structure such as Bluetooth, WLANs or 2G/3G/4G cellular networks in different projects. One important factor in the choice of a wireless technology is its power usage, which is tied with the design of a power efficient WBAN. Existing wireless technologies have a huge peak current and usually reduce the average current drawn by duty cycling the radio between sleep and active modes. Technically, WBANs in IEEE 802.15.6 have to be scalable and have a peak power consumption up to 30 mW in fully active mode and between 0.001–0.1 mW in stand-by mode. Even though WBAN devices are low-power and there is not enough power available for the whole-body SAR to be a concern, the device may be in close proximity to, or inside a human body or the localized SAR could be quite large if all the available power is concentrated in a small volume. Therefore, the localized SAR into the body must be at its minimum. Based on the IEEE 802.15.6 standard, WBAN devices must follow local or international SAR regulations. In Europe, the European Council Recommendation519/1999/EC for exposure guidelines has complied with the recommendations made by the International Commission on NonIonising Radiation Protection (ICNIRP Guidelines 1998). In the US, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has set the safety guidelines of the radio frequency which is required from all phones before being sold in the US. This interprets that SAR has set certain limits for local exposure (Head); which is 2 W/kg in 10 gram in EU and 1.6 W/kg in 1 gram in US. This limits the TX power in EU to m Wand in US to mW. Section XII Comparison with other Wireless Networks Fig. 6 shows the realm of WBANs when compared with other wireless networks such as Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN), Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN), Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN) and Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN). As shown in Fig. 6, wireless networks can be categorized based on their geographical coverage. A WBAN operates close to the human body with a restricted communication range of up to 1–2 meters. It primarily deals with the interconnection of one's wearable devices, whereas a WPAN is a broader network environment that surrounds the person. Even the WPAN communication range reaches over several tens of meters for low data rate applications and up to 10 meters for high data rate applications. However, previous WPANs do not fulfill medical (within close vicinity of the human tissue) and communication regulations for specific applications. Additionally, they do not support the combination of data rate and reliability required for the broad range of WBAN applications. A WLAN has a communication range of up to 100 meters. WWANs cover the largest geographical region such as in mobile telephone systems and satellite communication. In summary, IEEE 802.15.6 overcomes the constraints of End-of-module assignment (EMA) 30 the aforementioned wireless technologies as its focus is specifically on networking within and around the body. Figure 6 WBANs vs other 'wireless' technologies In summary, even though WBANs will provide major enhancements in human life style through the use of ubiquitous networking, various challenges remain in this area that need to be taken into account before being widely deployed such as interoperability of WBANs and other wireless technologies, energy efficient and high bandwidth communication protocols, privacy and security, biosensor design, QoS, power scavenging issues, mobility and scalability, standardization of interfaces and design of successful applications. [...] References World Health Organization (2015) United Kingdom: WHO statistical profile [Online]. Available at http://www.who.int/gho/countries/gbr.pdf?ua=1 (Accessed 8 June 2015). World Health Organization (2015) Uzbekistan: WHO statistical profile [Online]. Available at http://www.who.int/gho/countries/uzb.pdf?ua=1 (Accessed 8 June 2015). World Health Organization (2015) Countries: United Kingdom [Online]. Available at http://www.who.int/countries/gbr/en/ (Accessed 8 June 2015). World Health Organization (2015) Countries: Uzbekistan [Online]. Available at http://www.who.int/countries/uzb/en/ (Accessed 8 June 2015). 31 References UNDP (2014) UNDP Human Development Reports [Online]. Available at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14_statisticaltables.xls (Accessed 8 June 2015). End-of-module assignment (EMA) 32